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SKELETAL SYSTEM (anatomy of the long bone (diaphysis (shaft) (long portion…

- - - - women over the age of 65 are more affected due to lack of calcium, or low estrogen levels
  - - - related to normal aging processes, physical trauma, or repetitive motion
  - - - swelling in joints
  - - - symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints such as hands, often leads to deformaties
  - - - affects the patella, elbow, wrist, thumb
  - - - can usually be controlled with a good diet and limited alcohol use
  - - - its tissue damage
- - - - short slipping and gliding movement
        
        found in intercarpal joints of wrist and intervertebral joints
  - - - allows angular movement in one plane
        
        found in elbow or knee joints
  - - - rotational movement
        
        found in proximal radioulnar joint and atlas and axis joint
  - - - back and fourth or side to side movement; movement in 2 planes
        
        found in metacarpophalangeal joints
  - - - back and fourth or side to side movement; movement in 2 planes
        
        found in carpometacarpal joint of thumb
  - - - allows movement in any plane including rotation
        
        found in the shoulder and hip joints
- - - - bone-destroying cells
    - - bone-forming cells
- - - - clavicle
        
        collar bone
      - cervical
        
        first 7 vertebrae
      - scapula
        
        shoulder blade
      - thoracic
        
        12 middle vertebrae
      - lumbar
        
        lower 5 vertebrae
      - sternum
        
        breastbone
      - ribs
      - sacrum
        
        large triangular bone that fuses with 5 more vertebrae
    - - humorous
        
        top arm bone
      - carpals
        
        wrist bones
      - metacarpals
        
        bones that make up palms of hands
      - radius
        
        outer lower arm bone
      - ulna
        
        inner lower arm bone
      - phalanges
        
        finger bones
      - femur
        
        thigh bone
      - patella
        
        knee cap
      - tibia
        
        shin bone
      - fibula
        
        outer bone next to tibia
      - tarsals
        
        ankle bones
      - metatarsals
        
        bones that make up the base of the foot
      - phalanges (toes)
        
        toes
    - - frontal
        
        forehead
      - temporal
        
        temples
      - orbital
        
        eye sockets
      - occipital
        
        back of head
      - zygomatic
        
        cheekbones
      - lacrimal
        
        sides of nose
      - nasal
        
        nose
      - maxilla
        
        front of face around nose and above mouth
      - mandible
        
        lower jaw
- - - - generally cube-shaped
        
        examples are the carpals, tarsals, patella, calcaneus
    - - thin and flattened and usually curved
        
        examples are skull bones such as the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, also found in the mandible, ribs, sternum, and scapula.
    - - typically longer than wide and they have a shaft with heads at both ends
        
        examples are the femur, humorous, radius, ulna, metatarsal, metacarpal
    - - various shapes or don't fit into other categories
        
        examples are the vertebrae and coxal bones
- - - - bone is set, realigned and immobilized by cast or traction (first step in healing)
    - - blood-filled swelling caused by the broken blood vessel, deprives bone cells of nutrients and die (slows down bleeding)
    - - mass of repair tissue forms a splint to close the gap in ( a temporary patch to hold it together )
    - - replaces fibrocartilage callus by actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. the bony callus is removed to form a permanent patch.( its replaced with a more stable patch so its more tough)
- - - - classified based on amount of movement
        
        synarthroses
        
        immovable joints
        
        amphiaarthroses
        
        slightly movable joints
        
        diathoses
        
        freely movable joints
    - - classified by the type of material the joints are made of
        
        fibrous
        
        generally immovable
        
        cartilaginous
        
        immovable or slightly movable
        
        synovial
        
        freely movable
    - - fibrous joints
        
        bones united by fibrous tissue
        
        examples are sutures of the cranial
      - syndemoses
        
        bone united by fibrous tissue
        
        examples are distal end of tibia and fibula
      - cartilaginous joints
        
        bones connected by cartilage
        
        examples are intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis
      - synovial joints
        
        joint is found in the joint cavity
        
        example, found in-between the knee
- - - - a unit of bone
    - - carries blood vessels and nerves
    - - cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
    - - rings around the central canal (like onion rings) also sites of lacunae
    - - tiny canals radiating from lacunae