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Introduction to Metabolism (Need to Know Definitions & How they Relate…
Introduction to Metabolism
Need to Know Definitions & How they Relate
Catabolic and Anabolic
Catabolic - Releases energy , makes simple molecules
Ex: Cellular Respiration
Anabolic- Consumes energy and builds complex molecules
Ex: Amino Acids builds proteins
Potential and Kinetic
Potential Energy - Energy held by an object not presently moving
Ex: Food . The further down the food chain, the more potential Energy it could hold. Other forms could also be relative to location and position
Kinetic Energy - Energy relative to motion of an object
Ex: Contraction of leg muscles while pushing a cycle pedal
Endergonic & Endothermic/ Exothermic & Exergonic
Endergonic
Absorbs surrounding energy
Endothermic
Absorbs surrounding heat
Exothermic
Releases heat to the surroundings
Exergonic
Releases free energy
Entropy & Enthalpy
Entropy
Molecular disorder
The more random a collection of matter is, the greater the entropy
Enthalpy
Total energy (or order) in a system)
Shows how much heat and work was added or removed from the substance
Law of Thermodynamics
First Law ( Principle Of Conservation)
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
In a closed biological system energy is transferred into the proper energy needed
Example: Plants go through photosynthesis . Light energy is converted to chemical energy which is then stored in the form of glucose. That energy is released through cellular respiration.
Second Law
Every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy in the universe.
Why : Energy is released in the transfer or transformation and heats the universe
Reason: The heat will eventually give the universe to the same temperature all over the universe
Gibbs Free Energy
Free Energy : The energy that is available to use in a system
Equation: Change of G= Change of H- T(Change of S)
Equation Meaning : G= Change in free energy , H= Order (enthalpy), T = Temperature , S = disorder (entropy)
Estimate the temperature where ΔG = 0 for the following reaction: (Given: ΔH = -176 kJ and ΔS = -284.5 J/K) CAUTION: Beware of units.
NH3(g) + HCl(g) ---> NH4Cl(s)
ATP (Adeniosine Triphosphate)
A complex organic chemical that provides energy to many processes that living organisms posses
ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells
ATP is used when a phosphate is removed making the ATP, ADP ( adensoine diphosphate)
Adding a phosphate makes ADP , ATP
ATP in metabolism couples the energy of exergonic and endergoinc processes making the chemical reactions able to proceed.
The Three Works
Chemical - an endergonic process , that would not occur spontaneously ( where the energy released is more that energy used to react )
Transport- pumping substance across membranes against direction of spontaneous movement
Mechanical - movement ,
Ex: Muscle Contractions
Enzymes
A substance produced by a living organisms that acts as a catalyst to bring a specific reaction about
lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur , however , each enzymes does something different
In Metabolism
They help to break down macromolecules like proteins, carbs, and fats into smaller molecules
Guide smaller, broken molecules thorough the intestinal wall into the blood stream
Promote the formation of large complex molecules from the smaller ones
Responsible for storage and release of energy , helps the process of respiration
Enzymes operate in pathways
Regulation in Organism
Allosteric regulation
Binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site
Feedback Inhibition
deactivating an enzyme using the product of the reaction the enzyme catalyzes