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Metabolism (Terms (energy (kinetic energy (Heat is the thermal energy from…

- - - - Heat is the thermal energy from one object to another
      - associated with the relative motion of objects
  - - - Catabolic pathways ( cellular respiration) - release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
      - Anabolic pathways: (photosynthesis) - consume energy to build complicated molecules from simple ones
      - Metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule, which is altered in a series of defined steps which results in a certain product
        
        catalyzed by a specific enzyme
- - - - substrate: the reactant that the enzyme acts on
      - once the enzyme binds to its substrate It forms an enzyme-substrate complex
      - the tightening of the binding after initial contact is the induced fit
  - - - However, if its too hot the enzyme activity drops because it destroys the hydrogen/ionic bonds they have that stabilizes the enzyme
    - - there is exception, such as our digestive enzymes which have a low pH
  - - - inhibitors
        
        reduce enzyme function
        
        competitive inhibitors: blocks the substrate from entering the active site
        
        noncompetitive inhibitors: they bind to another part of the enzyme, which changes the enzyme shape
      - regulation of enzyme controls metabolism
        
        allosteric activation: the binding of an activator to a regulatory site stabilizes the shape that has functional active site
        
        Feedback inhibition: the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within the pathway
        
        allosteric inactivation: allosteric inhibitor stabilizes inactive form
        
        cooperatively: binding of one substrate to an active site triggering a shape change in the active sites
- - - - ∆G < 0 spontaneous
        
        exergonic rxn where free energy is released
      - ∆G > 0 non-spontaneous
        
        Endergonic rxn where free energy is released
      - ∆G = 0 equilibrium
- - - - The terminal phosphate bond is broken by adding water, inorganic phosphate (HOPO3^2-) leaves ATP which becomes ADP
      - Releases energy when ATP is broken hydrolyzed
      - performs three kinds of cellular work
        
        Chemical: building large molecules such as proteins
        
        mechanical: muscle contractions
        
        Transport: pumping solutes such as ions across cellular respiration
      - phosphorylation is the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to some other molecule, such as a reactant
        
        The one that receives the phosphate group covalently bonded to it is then called a phosphorylated intermediate
    - - energy released by breakdown reactions (catabolism) in the cell is used to phosphorylate ADP, which then regenerates ATP
      - endergonic