Access point management — Contaminated needleless connectors, catheter hubs, or injection ports are recognized sources for central venous catheter (CVC)-associated infections, including blood stream infection (BSI) [20,24,25,105]. Such infections can occur in both hospitalized patients and those treated with home infusion therapy and, in many cases, have been associated with failure to follow the manufacturers' recommendations [20,21]. In addition, alcohol swabbing may fail to disinfect the connector [105]. (See 'Needleless devices' above.)(KS)