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Gilded Age and Beyond (CH 9: 1820-1860: Sectionalism (Immigration (The…

- - - - Ideals -Jefferson wanted the US to be an agrarian culture where the republican ideals were to be a small farmer. -He reduced the national debt as well as the number of federalist jobs; he also reduced the size of the Navy
      - Barbary Wars 1801-1805
        -Pirates off the Barbary Coast were seizing American ships and enslaving their soldiers.
        -Pasha, the ruler of Tripoli, demanded payment from Jefferson and when he refused Pasha declared war on the US. Pasha ultimately surrendered.
      - Embargo Act 1807 -During the Napoleonic Wars, France and Britain were impressing (enslaving) American sailors. -At one point the British warship Leopard fired on an American ship Chesapeake. Jefferson responded to this with the Embargo Act which prohibited American ships from leaving their ports until Britain and France stop. This harmed the American economy greatly by causing a 75% decrease in business activity.
      - Non-Intercourse Act 1808 Lifted the embargoes on trade with all countries except Britain and France. Failed to undo the economic decline or ease political tensions with European countries.
      - Louisiana Purchase
        -The New Orleans port had been closed to the US which worried jefferson as that was an important component to the American economy so he went to Napoleon offering 10 mil. Napoleon had lost interest in the land west of the Mississippi river though and offered that whole area for 15 mil.
        -Jefferson, who typically followed a strict interpretation of the Constitution, hesitantly agreed to the offer. This doubled the size of American territory.
        -Lewis and Clarke were sent on an expedition through this new territory which served to strengthen the knowledge of the land and the Natives living there.
      - War of 1812
        
        Causes
        -The British were seizing American ships and impressing sailors to be used in their war against Napoleon.
        -Britain tried to control American trade, which considering we were a free country was not even possible so nice try Britain.
        -Britain had allied themselves with the American Indians in America and were helping them to resist American expansion into their lands. ex) The Battle of Tippancoe where Tecumseh led revolts against the Americans.
        -War Hawks were people, led by Henry Clay, who wanted to go to war with Britain. They put pressure on the president and congress.
        -The US wanted Canada and land to expand into.
        
        The War
        -In 1812 congress authorized the President to declare war on Britain.
        -The Battle of the Thames in 1813 was were America squashed the Indian resistance and therefore gained victory over Britain.
        -In 1814 the British ransacked Washington DC and Whitehouse and burnt that sucker to the ground. The Battle of Fort McHenry was were the Star Spangled Banner was inspired.
        
        The End
        -The Hartford Convention: was were Federalists called a meeting to discuss the tumult of the times. Some people wanted New England to become separate from the US, but doing this would have made them look unpatriotic.This convention ultimately led to the downfall of the Federalists.
        -The Treaty of Ghent: Formally ended the war but caused no significant change at all.
        -No one really benefitted from war, but the American Indians suffered heavy losses and horrible treatment. General Jackson decimated them.
        
        James Monroe 1816-1824
        
        Westward Movement & the Missouri Compromise 1820
        
        Canada & Florida
        
        The Monroe Doctrine 1823
        
        The Doctrine and Nationalism The Monroe Doctrine is evidence of the emergence of nationalism, or pride in your country, in America.
        
        Where did it come from
        -People around the world, especially southern America where the Spanish are, are beginning to make a move towards a democratic government.
        -Britain is no longer fighting Napoleon and therefore can focus on putting these revolutions down. They want to reinstate Spanish rule in SA.
        -These rebellious countries were open to market, but because of mercantilism they would not be able to trade with Europe or the US (which they didn't want).
        -So an ambassador from Britain approached John Adams about making a joint proclamation saying that the European powers couldn't interfere in the New World.
        -John went ahead and did this without the British anyways.
        
        The Response
        -Nobody really cared about this because the US wasn't really important enough to make foreign countries fear them.
        -The Doctrine did come to be important to future presidents.
        
        The Principles
        -James Monroe told all foreign countries, especially Europe, to stay out of America in this declaration.
        -James Monroe was worried about Russia's presence in Alaska and didn't want to be friendly with Britain yet.
        -Although this doctrine kind of depended on Britain's' strong navy to enforce it.
        
        The Market Revolution 1790-1850
        
        4 more items...
        
        Treaty of 1818 Relations between the US and Britain began to improve with this treaty which provided for fishing rights off of Newfoundland; joint occupation of Oregon; and the settlement of the western US-Canada boundary line
        
        Jackson Was a general sent to stop raiders and push them into Florida. He destroyed villages and hung raider chiefs and British.
        
        Westward movement reasons
        -Indians left land open for settlement when they were driven out.
        -There was economic trouble because of the Embargo Act.
        -Farmer's needed new soil to replace their exhausted fields.
        -There was new transportation (canals, boats, roads, trains) that enabled people to be able to travel farther, faster.
        -prospectors offered cheap land which was appealing to farmers.
        
        The Missouri Compromise
        -Missouri wanted statehood, but this was an issue because they would come in as a slave sate and that would tip the political balance in favor of the South. It was the first of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood.
        -James Tallmadge tried to propose a bill that would lead to the slow dissolve of slavery and this made the southerners mad.
        -The Compromise stated that Missouri would become a slave state; Maine would become a free state; and any states above the 36 30 line had to be free and any below were slave.
        
        Effects Americans were torn between their loyalty to their nation and loyalty to their state. (Nationalism vs Sectionalism)
        
        The Era of Good Feelings
        -Monroe's presidency was misleadingly called this because people didn't live in harmony or unity like you would believe.
        -There were heated debates over tariffs, the bank, internal improvements, and slavery.
        -But the Federalist party did fade out by this point and nationalism began developing as seen in the first protective tariffs (1816) and Henry Clay's American System.
        -This system consisted of protective tariffs; a national bank; and internal improvements (roads, canals, trains, etc). But Monroe repeatedly vetoed these improvements so states had to do them on their own.
        
        Panic of 1819
        -Causes: Second Bank of the US tightened its credit in an effort to control inflation, but this backfired and caused banks to close, bankruptcies and imprisonment for debt.
        -Effects: There was an economic depression and nationalistic beliefs were severely shaken. Westerners began calling for reforms.
        
        Political Changes Democratic-Repbulicans had to adapt to the changing times so most of them adopted Federalist views that changed with the currents events. Federalists were unable to adapt to the needs of the growing nation.
- - - - Agriculture
        -Cotton and agriculture was the foundation of the southern economy.
        -The invention of the cotton gin made cotton cloth more affordable. As well as spurred on more slavery.
        -Britain relied on US production of cotton but the rest of the world relied on Britains finished goods.
      - Slavery
        -Land and slaves signified wealth in the south and they justified it with "historical and religious" reasons.
        -The number of slaves quadrupled in a short span of 60 years. (1800-1860).
        -Bc of the high price of slaves the South didn't have as much money (capital) to undertake Industrialization.
        -Slavery had awful effects on the slaves.
        ~Families separated; people were often beaten; women were exploited.
        -Slaves did fight back though. ie) Revolts led by:
        ~Denmark Vesey 1822
        ~Nat Turner 1881
        -Some slaves were free but were still considered less than whites.
      - White Society
        -Aristocrats: Dominated legislatures and enacted laws favorable to landowners.
        -Farmers: were mostly white, modest farmers who produced cotton.
        -Poor Whites: 3/4 of the south's white pop; owned no land and defended slave system.
        -Mountain people: farmers in the mountains.
        -Cities were trade centers but had smaller pop than those in the north.
      - Southern Thought
        -Southern gentlemen had a "code of chivalry".
        -Upper class valued education while slaves got none for fear of uprisings.
        -Methodist and Baptist churches dominated in the South bc of their support of slavery.
      - The West
        
        American Indians
        -Most Indians lived west where they lived a nomadic life.
        -Horses brought by the Spanish revolutionized Indian life.
        
        The Frontier The Western Frontier represented hope for a free start for anyone who dared to go there.
        
        White Settlers The white settlers who lived in the West lived a life similar to the first people in America. They worked hard planing and building self-sustaining farms; had shorter lifespans; and had poorer farming techniques.