Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Energy and Metabolic Process’ (Metabolic Definitions (Thermal Energy and…
Energy and Metabolic Process’
Gibbs Free Energy
"Free energy"; the portion of a system's energy that can preform work when the temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system
The fact that metabolism as a whole is never at equilibrium is one of the defining features of life
:small_red_triangle:G = :small_red_triangle:H - T :small_red_triangle:S
:small_red_triangle: = Delta, Change in
T = Temperature
H = Change in Enthalpy
S = Change in Entropy
G = Free energy
For G to be negative H or T :small_red_triangle: S
Processes with a negative G will be spontaneous
Every spontaneous processes decreases the system's free energy
A measure of a system's instability - its tendency change to a more stable state
A process is spontaneous and can preform work only when it is moving toward equilibrium
Laws of Thermodynamics
Study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy of the universe is constant, it can be transferred and transformed, but not created or destroyed
"Principle of conservation energy"
By converting sunlight into chemical energy, a plant is an energy transformer, not energy producers
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
Local energy can be increased, but the world is inevitably on a path towards disorder (entropy)
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Has a large role in energy coupling
Water Molecule breaks off one of the phosphate groups to be absorbed and used for energy (exergonic)
ATP + H2O --> ADP + (P)i
Reverse the equation results in ADP returning to ATP
ATP is a renewable resource that can be regenerated by returning a phosphate group to ADP
Contains the sugar ribose with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups
Enzymes
A macromolecule (protein) that acts as a catalyst, speeding up or starting reactions
An enzyme cannot change the free energy for a reaction; cannot make an endergonic reaction exergonic
Can only speed up naturally occurring reactions or ones that would happen anyway
Enzyme acts on reactant known as a substrate
Enzyme binds to substrate forming an enzyme-substrate complex
Enzyme and substrate are joined, the catalytic actions take place resulting in the enzyme and the product of the reaction
Enzyme + Substrate(s) = Enzyme-substrate complex = Enzyme + Product(s)
Specific enzymes for specific reactions, determining the chemical process
Most enzyme names end in -ase
Sucrase speeds up the hydrolosis of sucrose turning it into glucose and fructose
Shape of an enzyme comes from its amino acid sequence
Only a certain area of an enzyme can actually bind to the substrate the Active Site
Substrates will fit into it's complementary active site, leading the Enzyme to begin it's catalytic actions
Enzyme Inhibitors exist that can interfere with the binding of the substrate to the active site, or change the shape of the active site, not allowing the enzyme to do its intended job
Metabolic Definitions
Enthalpy
The opposite of entropy, order or total energy
Entropy
A measure of molecular disorder or randomness
Thermal Energy and Heat
Thermal energy - Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules
Heat - Thermal energy in transfer from one object to another
Spontaneous Process
A process that can proceed without requiring an input of energy, energetically favorable and can occur on their own
Energy
The Capacity to cause change
Endergonic and Exergonic reactions
Exergonic - proceeds with a net release of free energy, losing free energy
Endergonic - a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings, essentially storing free energy in molecules
Catabolic and Anabolic pathways
Catabolic - Pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
Anabolic - Pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
Activation energy
The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction or the energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break
Catylisis
A process in which a catalyst selectively speeds up a reaction without it, itself being consumed
Substrate
The reactant the enzyme acts upon
Enzyme-Substrate complex
When the Enzyme itself binds with a substrate, this is formed
Active Site
A restricted region of the enzyme molecule that actually binds to the substrate
A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where catalysis occurs
Induced fit
The tightening of the binding of the substrate and the active site in the enzyme after initial contact
Cofactors
Nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity, often for chemical processes that cannot be easily carried out by amino acids
Coenzymes
The name for the Co-factor being an organized molecule
Vitamins act as coenzymes or raw materials from which coenzymes are made
Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibitors
Competitive - reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites
Noncompetitive - do not compete directly with the substrate, instead bind to another spot, causing the active site to change shape causing a reduction in productivity
Feedback inhibition
In which a metabolic pathway is halted by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway
Allosteric Regulation
Any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a seperate site
Energy Coupling
The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one