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Motivation and Emotion (Approaches to Understanding Motivation (Early…

- - - - Instincts: The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in people and animals; -Assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals
    - - Drive-Reduction Theory: Physiological needs->Internal Drives->Behavior Need: A requirement of some material essential for survival of the organism Drive: Psychological tension and physical arousal that occurs as a result of a needs; Primary: Involves needs of the body; Acquired/Secondary: Learned through experience or conditioning
      - Homeostasis: The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
  - - - Yerkes-Dodson Law: Performance is related to arousal Moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high; Effect varies with the difficulty of the task
      - Sensation Seeker: One who needs more arousal than the average person
    - - Incentives: Things that attract or lure people into action
  - - - Self-Actualization: Point at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential; Peak experiences: Times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved
      - Transcendence: Search for Spiritual meaning beyond one's immediate self
    - - Three innate, universal needs
        
        Autonomy: Needs to be in control of one's own behavior and goals
        
        Competence: Need to be able to master the challenging tasks of one's life
        
        Relatedness: Need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others
- - - - Stimulus->Physiological response AND cognitive labeling of arousal-> Experience of emotion
    - - Stimulus->Immediate cognitive appraisal->Emotional response->Physiological response
    - - Facial expressions provide feedback to the brain, Feedback causes/intensifies emotions
- - - - Glucagon: Increases level of glucose in bloodstream
      - Leptin: Signals the hypothalamus that the body had enough food
      - Insulin: Reduces level of glucose in bloodstream
    - - Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Stops the eating response when glucose increases
      - Lateral Hypothalamus: Starts the eating responses when insulin increases
    - - Social Cues (Regular meal times), Food preferences (Always room for dessert), Cultural factors (Sometimes rude to refuse food), Gender (Men and women may start/stop eating for different reasons), Comfort (Escape from unpleasantness, Insulin can increase before food is eaten)
      - Eating Disorders
        
        Anorexia Nervosa: Severe under-eating
        
        Bulimia nervosa: Binging and purging
        
        Bing-eating disorder: Frequent overeating