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Populations and Ecosystems (Concepts (Population (Individuals of the same…
Populations and Ecosystems
Plants in Relation to Their Habitats
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall
Humidity
Winds
Growing season determined by
Last severe, killing frost in spring
First killing frost of autumn
Tolerance Range
low and high extremes
Soil Factors
Pioneers
First plants that invade a new soil
Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes
A horizon
Uppermost
"Zone of Leaching"
Litter and debris
B Horizon
"Zone of Deposition"
Rich in nutrients
Contains humus and clay
C Horizon
Parent rock and rock fragments
Latitude and Altitude
At Equatior
All days 12 hrs long
No seasonal variation
Higher latitudes to North or South
Summer days and winter nights are longer
Not shielded by
Ozone
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water vapor
Slow soil formation
Disturbance
Affect biotic factors directly
Man-made disturbances
Herbicides
Insecticides
Hunting
Habitat Distruction
Naturally occurring fires are beneficial to the environment
"Nonliving and physical phenomena"
Biotic Components of the Habitat
The Plant Itself
Self Modification of Habitat
Beneficial
Detremental
Neutral
Other Plant Species
Mutualism
Interaction is beneficial for both organisms
Competition
Interaction is disadvantageous
Competitive exclusion
Organisms Other Than Plants
Frugivores
Commensal realtionships
One specie benefits, the other is neutral
Predation
Herbivores
Browsing
Grazing
Habitat
Set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle
Operational Habitat
Portions of plants
Spores
Pollen
Fruit
Seeds
Vegetative Propagules
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
Limiting factor
Local Geographic Distribution
Random Distribution
Clumped Distribution
Uniform Distributions
Allelochemics
Allelopathy
Age Distribution: Demography
Factors affecting population growth
Generation time
Intrinsic rate of natural increase
Carrying capacity
r-Selection
Produced by disturbances
K-Selection
Fluctuate at or near carrying capacity
The Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure
Physical size and shape of organism
Temporal Structure
Species Composition
number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
Depends on:
Climate
Mild
Stressful
Soil
Rich
Poor
Tolerance
Broad
Narrow
Trophic Levels
"Feeding Levels"
Photosynthesis
Dominant method
Green vascular plants
Most important for photosynthesis
Primary Producers
Autotrophs
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Decomposers
Fungi
Bacteria
Energy Flow
Carbon Flow
Concepts
Ecology
Study of organisms in relationship to all aspects of their surroundings
Population
Individuals of the same species
Rarely stable
Community
All populations combined
Ecosystem
Community+ physical, nonliving environment
