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Cancer (Hallmarks of Cancer (Sustained angiogenesis, Tissue invasion and…
Cancer
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Terminology
Neoplasia: Abnormality in mechanism of control of proliferation, metabolism, apoptosis.
Metaplasia: Cell adaptation to change in environment due to constant stress/insult. Alters appearance. Reversible.
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Dysplasia: Disordered growth where cells transform, increased division and incomplete maturation, loss of architecture. Can be reversed. May progress to malignant (cervical).
Genes
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Proto-oncogenes: RAS, BRAF, KIT
DNA Repair: MLH 1, PMS2, MHS2/6
Inherited mutation: BRCA1/2, APC Gene, HNPCC
Breast Cancer
Nuclear Atypia
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2: Larger cells, some variability
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Tubular, glandular ,acinar
Stage: Extent of spread, prognosis and treatment
TNM Scale: Tumour size (T0-T4), Nodular spread (N1-N3), metastasis (M0/1).
Cell Cycle
S Phase: DNA copy, 2 sister chromatids
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Benign: Expansile
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Malignant: Converse to above, pleomorphism
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Carcinogens: Viral, Radiation, chemicals.
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H. pylori
Chronic gastritis, ulcers
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