Cancer

Terminology

H. pylori

Genes

Normal

Carcinogens: Viral, Radiation, chemicals.

Clinical effects of neoplasm

Benign: Expansile

Neoplasia: Abnormality in mechanism of control of proliferation, metabolism, apoptosis.

Metaplasia: Cell adaptation to change in environment due to constant stress/insult. Alters appearance. Reversible.

Neoplasm= tumour

Squamous metaplasia: Salivary and pancreatic stones.

Tumour suppression: P53

Apoptosis: BCL-2

Proto-oncogenes: RAS, BRAF, KIT

DNA Repair: MLH 1, PMS2, MHS2/6

Inherited mutation: BRCA1/2, APC Gene, HNPCC

HPV: High risk 16,18

Low Risk: 6,11.

Viral Proteins 6+7: Inhibit Rb+P53: Growth arrest and apoptosis inhibited

Chronic gastritis, ulcers

Curved Gram negative

Breast Cancer

Glandular: Barrat's oesophagus. Squamous to columnar

Dysplasia: Disordered growth where cells transform, increased division and incomplete maturation, loss of architecture. Can be reversed. May progress to malignant (cervical).

Metaplasia

Dysplasia

Neoplasia

Uniform cell size and shape

Normal Nuclear: cytoplasm ratio

Malignant: Converse to above, pleomorphism

Few mitoses

Nuclear Atypia

Mitoses frequency

Tubular, glandular ,acinar

1: Regular size and variation

2: Larger cells, some variability

3: Larger and bizarre forms. Vesicular nuclei

Stage: Extent of spread, prognosis and treatment

TNM Scale: Tumour size (T0-T4), Nodular spread (N1-N3), metastasis (M0/1).

Local

Hormonal- Glandular destruction or elaboration

Intussusception

Displacement

Compression

Cachexia

Hallmarks of Cancer

Sustained angiogenesis

Tissue invasion and metastasis

Limitless replicative potential

Reprogramming of energy metabolism

Evasion of apoptosis

Evasion of immune cells

Insensitivity to anti-growth signals

Self sufficiency in growth signals

Cell Cycle

S Phase: DNA copy, 2 sister chromatids

G1: Increase organelles and proteins

G2: Preparation for divison- All DNA replicated?

Mitosis: Segregation. Chromosomes aligned?

DNA ready? Cell size correct? Environment optimal?

G0: Not in cell cycle. Can return unless post-mitotic (Cardiac/ neurone). Are cells required?