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Population Genetics and Evolution (Evolution and the Origin of Life…
Population Genetics and Evolution
Population Genetics
Abundance of Different Alleles in a Population
How an Allele's Numbers Change
Crossing Over
Increases Genetic Diversity
Gene Pool
Total Number of Alleles in a Population
Alleles Aren't in Equal Numbers
Gene Pool Factors
Mutations
Existing Alleles Decrease
New Alleles Increase
Accidents
When an Organism Cannot Adapt
All Alleles and Organisms are Eliminated
Small or Large Events
Artificial Selection
Humans Change Allele Frequency
Selective Breeding
Carried Out with Artificial Mutation
Natural Selection
Less Adapted Organisms Die Off
Survival of the Fittest
Most Common Factor
Organisms Produce More Offspring than Sustainable
Organisms Much Differ in Alleles
Acts Only on Pre-existing Alleles
Doesn't Occur if:
Habitat Can Sustain Everyone
Flooding
Burning
Other Factors
Purpose
Intention
Planning
Voluntary-Decision Making
Multiple Selection Pressures
Insect Attacks
Drought
Cold
Pollinators
Spreading of Seeds
Rates of Evolution
Most Populations Are Already Well Adapted
Mutations Rarely Produce Better Outcomes
Study Changes of Gross Structures
Bad Mutations Come About Quickly
Speciation
New Species Evolving
Two Species Don't Produce Fertile Offspring if Crossed
Phyletic Speciation
One Species Gradually Becomes Another
Pollen Transfer
Wind Carries Pollen Far
Seed Dispersal
Long-Distance Disperal
Short-Distance Dispersal
Vegetative Propagation
Small, Mobile Pieces
Divergent Speciation
Some Populations Become New Species
Others Remain the Same
Abiological Reproductive Barriers
Physical, Nonliving Barrier
Prevents Two Populations From Reproducing
Mountain Ranges
Adaptive Radiation
Rapid Formation of New Species
Founder Individuals
Genetic Drift
Biological Reproductive Barriers
Biological Phenomenon Preventing Gene Flow
Discriminating Pollinators
Sympatric Speciation
Two Groups Grow Together
Remain Reproductively Isolated
Pollinator Evolutionary Changes
Prezygotic Isolation Mechanisms
Polyzgotic Internal Isolation Barriers
Hybrid Sterility
Seeds Grow into a Sterile Plant
Convergent Evolution
Two Species Resemble Another
Share Same Habitat and Phenotypes
Evolution and the Origin of Life
Chemosynthesis
Model of Origin of Life
Uses Chemical and Physical Processes
Ignores Any Divine Intervention
Conditions on Earth Before Life
Chemicals In Atmosphere
Composed Mostly of Hydrogen
Second Atmosphere
Produced by Rock Gasses
Produced by Meteorites
Reducing Atmosphere
Lack of Molecular Oxygen
Powerful Reducing Agents
Energy Sources
Heat
UV and Gamma Radiation
Electricity
Volcanoes
Time Available
No Limits
Chemicals Produced Chemosynthetically
Amino Acids
Lipids
Sugars
Nitrogen Bases
Done From Experimentation
Formation of Polymers
Needs High Concentration of Monomers
Formation of Seaside Pools that Evaporate
Absorption of Clay Particles
Aggregation and Organization
First Aggregates Formed at Random
Not Known to be Alive
Early Metabolism
Gave Aggregates Advantages over Each Other
Glycolysis Evolved Early On
Used Fermentation and Glycolysis Beginning
Oxygen
Liberation of Oxygen had Consequences
Allowed Rusting
Allowed Aerobic Respiration
Began Accumulating in Atmosphere After Iron in Oceans Oxidized
Oxidizing Atmosphere
Rusting Period Kept Free Oxygen Low
Presence of Life
Chemistry of Living Things Don't Have Unique Properties
Debated on if Aggregates are Considered Alive
