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General Bacteria: 0.1-10µm Viruses: 0.03-0.3µm Protozoa Fungi: 4-40µm…

- - - - Endotoxin (LPS membrane)
        
        Stable can withstand high temp
        
        Released at cell death, after phagocytosis
        Triggers host immunity
        
        Usually gram negative
        
        Fever
        
        Cannot be converted to toxoid
        
        Non-specific, fever, aches
        
        Acts via multiple mechanisms
        
        Blood clotting (anyhow)
        
        Anyhow fibrinolysis
        
        Cytokines
      - Exotoxin
        
        Denaturable
        
        Excreted
        
        Usually gram positive
        
        No fever
        
        Can be converted to toxoid
        eg. cytolethal, collagenase
        
        Specific sites / effects
        
        Acts directly
  - - - Stain with crystal violet
        
        Wash alcohol
        
        Stain Saffrin
        Peptidoglycan maintains crystal violet better so positive (blue), negative (red)
    - - Negative more resistant:
        LPS outer membrane blocks diffusion of low molecular weight compounds. (eg. antibiotics/lysozymes)
      - Mycobacteria:
        
        Weakly gram positive
        
        Stains: Acid fast aka. Ziehl Neelsen
        
        Hot carbol fuchsin, Acid-alcohol wash
        
        Mycobacteria retain thick waxy cell walls
      - Mycoplasma
        
        No cell wall
        
        Are not stainned
    - - Negative: Endotoxin
        Positive: No Endotoxin
      - Negative: LPS (Spans between Cell wall layer & Outer membrane)
        Positive: No LPS
      - Negative: More lipid
        Positive: Less lipid
      - Cell Membrane
        
        Negative: Thinner less crosslinking
        Positive: Thicker more crosslinking
        
        Positive (2layers):
        
        Cell wall (60-100% Peptidoglycan)
        
        Cytoplasmic membrane
        
        Negative (3layers):
        
        Outer membrane
        
        Cell wall (5-10% Peptidoglycan)
        
        Cytoplasmic membrane
      - Negative: Periplasmic Space, Porin channel
        Positive: No space, No Porin channel
- - - - RNA
        
        Sense
        Antisense
        Double stranded
      - DNA
        
        Linear
        Circular
        
        Single stranded
        Double stranded
  - - - Transforming
        
        Immortalizing
        
        Stimulate uncontrolled cell growth
      - Recurrent
        
        Latency then viral production
      - Latent
        
        No virus synthesis
      - Chronic
        
        Nonlytic
        
        Productive
- - - - Advantages
        
        Measures Ab in late phase
        
        When PCR and culture negative
      - Disadvantages
        
        Long wait time
    - - Advantages
        
        More info than microscopy
        
        Definitive identification (Individual)
      - Disadvantages
        
        Slow (1day-weeks)
      - Solid / Liquid
        
        Cannot see individual cells
      - Selective: Supress normal flora
        Differential: Indicate presence
        Enrichment: Liquid to amplify
    - - Ziehl Neelsen / Acid Fast
      - Bacteria Florescence
      - Gram Stain
      - Disadvantages
        
        Limited information
      - Advantages
        
        Same-day tests
        
        Faster than culture
    - - Only on surface
      - Immunofluorescene
    - - Advantages
        
        Faster than culture
        
        Requires little sample
      - Disadvantages
        
        More expensive
- - - - Fusobacteria
        Sub-Gingival
      - Streptococci
        Supra-gingival
      - Staphylococci
      - Neisseriae
      - Lactobacilli
      - Veillonella spp
        Sub-Gingival
    - - Streptococcus Salivarius
    - - Anaerobes
        Porphyromonas
        Prevotellas
      - S. mutans
      - S. sanguis
      - Actinomyces
        Sub-Gingival
    - - Increases
    - - Edentulous (Same as pre-erruption)
      - Acrylic (Candida)
      - Staphylococcus Aureus
      - Lactobacilli
      - Yeast
  - - - Streptococci
    - - Anaerobes
        
        Actinomyces
        
        Gram negative
      - Obligate Anaerobes
        
        Tannerella forsythia
        
        Porphyromonas gingivalis
        
        Proteolytic
        
        Raise pH
        
        Promote bacterial growth
  - - - Periodontitis
        
        Obligate Anerobes
        Gram -ve
        
        Porphyromonas gingivalis
        
        Tannerella forsythia
        
        Treponema denticola
      - Gingivitis
        Obligate Anaerobes
        Gram -ve
      - Aggressive/LJP
        
        High numbers of A.actinomycetemcomitans
      - Porphyromonas Gingivalis
        
        Gram -ve
        
        Strict anerobe
        
        Exotoxin
        
        Collagenase
        
        Proteases
        
        Destroy immunoglobulins
        
        Antibody reduction
        
        Immune suppression
        
        Gingipains
        
        Hemolysins
        
        Break down RBC
        
        Requires Heme
        
        Endotoxin
      - Tannerella forsythia
        
        Gram -ve
        
        Strict anerobe
      - A.actinomycetemcomitans
        
        Gram -ve
        
        Capnophilic
        
        Exotoxin
        
        Cytolethal distending toxin
        
        G2/M arrest
        
        G1 Cell substance multiply
        
        S Chromosome multiply
        
        Leukotoxin
        
        Kill WBC
        
        Found in aggressive Perio
    - - Health
        
        Facultative Anerobes
        Gram +ve