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Blood (Functions: (Transport: (O2 and nutrients TO body cells, Metabolic…
Blood
Functions:
Transport:
O2 and nutrients TO body cells
Metabolic waste TO lungs and kidneys
Hormones
Regulation
Temperature. Absorption and heat distribution
pH using buffers
Adequate fluid volume
Protection
Clotting to prevent blood loss
Preventing and fighting infections
Antibodies
Complement proteins
White blood cells
Composition
Fluid connective tissue
Extracellular matric:
plasma
Straw-colored, sticky fluid (90% H2O)
Over 100 dissolved solutes. Most abundant solutes are plasma proteins (pp)
Produced by liver
Albumin makes up 60% of pp
Cells:
formed elements
originate in bone marrow and don't divide
Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells
They lack nuclei and other organelles
Without mitochondria, their ATP production is anaerobic. meaning they don't consumed O2 they transport
Biconcave disc shaped, Small-diameter (7.5 μm)
Filled with
hemoglobin
for gas transport (97% of cell volume) (250 million Hb molecules per RBC)
Bind reversibly with oxygen
Each heme's central iron atom binds one O2 molecule
Values for male (13-18g/100ml) and female (12-16 g/100ml)
red
heme
pigment
bonded to each globin chain (4)
protein
globin
Composed of four polypeptide chains: 2 alpha 2 beta
Types
oxyhemoglobin
produced in lungs once O2 is loaded
deoxyhemoglobin
produced in tissues when O2 is unloaded
carbaminohemoglobin
produced when CO2 loads
Plasma menbran
spectrin
provides flexibility
Come from Hematopoetic stem cells (hemocytoblast)
Regulation and Requirements
Too few = hypoxia
Too many = viscosity
Balance depends on 1) Hormonal controls and 2) Dietary requirements
Homeostatic Imbalance
EPO increases hematocrit to dangerous leves (clotting, stroke, heart attack)
Anemia: abnormally low O2 carrying capacity
Causes
Blood loss
2 more items...
Not enough RBCs produced
4 more items...
Too many RBCs destroyed
2 more items...
Polycythemia: Abnormal excess of RBC causing sluggish flow
Polycythemia vera: Bone marrow cancer. Treat with phlebotomy
Secondary polycythemia: caused by low O2 levels (high altitude)
Blood doping
Leukocytes or White Blood Cells
Only complete cells
Platelets
Cell fragments
Sample
Bottom layer (~45%) is RBC
hematocrit
: measurement in percent of blood volume that is RBC. Normal values for males (47%) and females (42%) vary within +/- 5%
Middle layer (<1%) is WBC and platelets
Top (~55%) is plasma
Physical characteristic
Sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste
Color varies with Oxygen content (higher O2 = brighter red)
pH 7.35-7.45
~8% of total body weight. Males (5-6 L) Females (4-5L)