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Data analysis (Steps (Stage 2: Re-present the Data (Round the numbers to…
Data analysis
Steps
Stage 2: Re-present the Data
Round the numbers to two effective figures.
Put rows and columns in size order.
Interchange rows and columns where necessary.
Use summary measures.
Minimise use of gridlines and white space.
Make the labelling clear and do not allow it to hinder comprehension of the numbers.
Use a verbal summary.
Stage 3: Build a Model
Stage 4: Exceptions
Stage 5: Comparisons
Stage 1: Reduce the Data
Sampling
Methods
Judgement sampling
Systemic
Convenience
Quota
Random sampling
Variations of simple random
Multi-stage
Cluster
Stratified
Weighting
Probability
Variable
Area
Simple random
Cons
Bias
Interviewer bias
Interviewee bias
Instrument bias
Inaccurate measurement
non-response
Sampling frame
Pros
Economic advantages
Timeliness
Size and accessibility
Observation and destruction
Applications
Opinion polls
Quality control
Checking invoices
requirement: has to be representative
Management problems
The statistical gap
A lack of confidence
Over-complication by experts
Summary measures
Location
average
median
mode
Scatter
range
interquartile range
Mean Absolute Deviation
Variance
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation
Shape
symmetrical
Skew
Kurtosis