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Central Nervous System (Cerebrum (Three white matter tracts (Association:…
Central Nervous System
Cerebrum
Frontal Lobe: Center for thinking, decision making, planning and initiating voluntary movement and memory.
Parietal Lobes: Center for sensory reception and processing. Awareness of objects, sounds and body parts. Conscious awareness of general somatic sensations (touch, pressure, etc).
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Temporal Lobes:Center for olfaction and auditory sensory perception. Recognition of objects, words and faces. Language comprehension, emotional response and memory.
Precentral Gyrus: Primary motor cortex which controls voluntary movement. Comprised of multipolar neurons called pyramidal cells.
Postcentral Gyrus: Primary somatosensory cortex (wall of our trunk). Consciously aware of general sensations. Center for proprioception.
Insula Lobe: Location of the visceral sensory cortex for taste (gustation). Also, the general visceral sensations stretch, discomfort and pain.
Broca area: part of the brain that controls motor movements for speech. Located on the left hemisphere.
Wernicke area: Enables us to name viewed objects, read words and understand speech. Located on the left hemisphere.
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Diencephelon
Thalamus: composed of several areas of gray matter. The relay station for sensory information except olfaction.
Hypothalamus: main visceral control center. Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep and wake cycles and the endocrine system. Involved with emotion. Controls motivational behavior (food and sex).
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Brain Stem
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Pons: also composed of pyramidal motor tracts going to the spinal cord. Middle cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum to cerebral cortex. Reticular formation nuclei (gray matter of pons) are involved with autonomic behaviors.
Medulla oblongata: Involved with autonomic behaviors. Cardiac center. Vasomotor center and respiratory center. Location of decussation; where axons cross from one side of the body to the other. Also where cranial nerves connect to the brain stem except for olfactory and optic nerves.
Cerebellum
Function: Coordinates trunk and limb movement. Adjusts posture to maintain equilibrium and coordinates head and eyes.
Cerebellar peduncles
Superior: Connects cerebellum to the midbrain. Carries efferent (motor) instructions to the cerebral cortex.
Middle: connects the pons to the cerebellum. Carries efferent information from the cerebral cortex and the pontine nuclei into the cerebellum.
Inferior: arises from the medulla and carries afferent (sensory) fibers from the vestibular nuclei and spinal cord to the cerebellum.
Spinal Cord
Conus Medullaris: at the inferior end of the spinal cord; where it tapers off. "Cone of the spinal cord"
Filum terminale: long filament of connective tissue that extends from the conus and attaches to the coccyx anchoring the spinal cord.
Cauda Equina: spinal cord doesn't reach end of vertebral column so lumbar and sacral nerve roots flare out here. "Horse tail"
anterior roots: in the gray matter of the spinal cord. Motor neurons that send their axons out via ventral roots.
posterior roots: in the gray matter of the spinal cord. Ganglia recieve information from sensory neurons (cell bodies outside spinal cord) and send the signal to the posterior roots in the spinal cord.
CNS Protection
Meninges
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Pia mater: deepest mater that adheres to the brain and spinal cord. It's capillaries nourish the brain.
Subarachnoid space: filled with cerebral spinal fluid. Is located between brain and skull and vertebra and spinal cord.
Epidural space: only located in vertebral canal between vertebra and subarachnoid space. Fat filled.