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L10: Complex Systems & Automation (Defining Automation (Stages of…
L10: Complex Systems & Automation
Process Control**
Performance Strategies
Display Implications
Predictive display
Display of Intervening Variables
Historical display
Abnormal Operations
Fault Diagnosis
4 Methods to Identify Problem Encountered
Error Analysis
Cognitive Task Analysis
Case studies
Novice-Expert Differences*
Considerations (criteria) upon detection of Failure
Actions will not jeopardise system economy or efficiency
Diagnostic actions will localise > correct the fault
Actions ensure safety
Ways to maintain Readiness for Abnormal Operations
Failure occurs > visual / auditory alarm indicator
Excessive no. of false alarms (stay alert at right times)
Actively + intermittently engaged in control adjustments
Addressing Abnormality Problems (solutions)
(improve accuracy + efficiency of fault diagnosis)
System Design Issues
Error Tolerance & Prediction (reversible, effectiveness tested)
Display issues (predictive displays, feedback, alarm info, colour)
Organisational Factors
Latent Errors Embedded in
Training inadequacies + attitudes
Organisational structure + management policies
System complexity and procedures
Latent errors are important > than specific human factors (active error) > harder to safeguard
Training Issues
Knowledge of system trained in employees
(procedure, mental model of normal / abnormal (failure) states
Process
Components involved in performance strategy
High importance > understanding future goals + states (current and future)
Understand process control that is going on
Defining Automation
Levels of Automation (continuum)
(higher automation levels = lesser human involvement)
Stages of Human Information Processing (HIP)
(automation is inserted in the stage or within it)
Information analysis (attention, memory)
Decision selection
Information acquisition (sensory)
Action implemented
Importance of Understanding Automation
(work system complex > operator can't keep up mentally > automation helps out)
Degrees of Automation (HIP + level of auto)
Definition
(full / partial replacement of a function carried out by human operator)
Brittleness in Automation
(not adaptable to unexpected changes)
Applying Degree Of Automation to
Workload
(^ DOA = v WL) (^ DOA = ^ fatigue + v task engagement + v vigilance)
Situation Awareness
(^ DOA = v SA)
OOTL Performance Issues
^ auto = ^ performance + v workload
(benefits)
^ auto = v SA
(cons)
Complacency (poorer supervision)
Poorer return to manual performance
^ automation = v task engagement = v notice auto failure = poorer at recovering from failure
Trust in Automation