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The Muscular System (Skeletal Muscle (Attached to bones provide movement…
The Muscular System
Skeletal Muscle
Attached to bones provide movement for body
Tendons: fibrous tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones
ligaments: attach bone to bone
Some muscles attach directly to bone soft tissue without tendon
instead they have a broad sheet of connective tissue called aponeurosis (facial muscles)
Called voluntary because movement controlled by conscious thought
responsible for movement and maintaining posture, also generate heat
Strains and Tears
Strains: caused by overstreching tendons or muscles
Severity of injury can range from mild to severe
Mild: pulled muscle (slight overstretching of muscle)
Severe: complete muscle tear of complete tendon rupture
Acute: Usually resulting from trauma
Chronic: usually resulting from overuse or disease
Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Mylagia: pain or tenderness in muscle
It is a symptom of many disorders including acute injury or vial infection; treat with RICE
Fibromyalgia Syndrome: chronic pain syndrome
Epidemiology: more common in women and with pts wth rneumoatologic disorders
Found in only 2% of the US an Canadian popluation
May be caused by hyperactive stress response and sensory or neurological problem leading to an increased sensitivity to pain.
Contration and Relaxation
movement of body is result of contraction (shortening) of certain muscles while there is relaxation of others.
Primary mover (or agonist) is cheif muscle causing movement; as muscle contacts it pulls bone, causing movement
point of origin: muscle end attend to stationary bone
point of insertion: muscle end attend to moving bone
All movement is result of contraction of primary movers and relaxation of opposing muscles.
Bon shaped muscle separates abdominal from thoracic major work of bringing at atmospheric into lungs
Muscular Dystrophy
muscle weakness
as disease progresses, more muscle fibers disapper; muscle becomes progressively weaker, scarred, and filled with fatty deposits
Smooth muscle and cardiac abnormalities often develop as well
Most bays diagnosed by the age of 4, wheelcahir by age 10, life span around 17 years old
blochemical teats for muscle enzymes
physical examination including evaluation for galt abnormality and pseudo hypertrophy cover develop pf the calves
Skeletal Muscle Drugs
relieve inflammation, but do not have negative side effects of steriods
examples: ibuprofen (advil), naproxen (aleve)
help muscles rest in order to heal themselves
help relieve musculoskeletal spasms; examples: flexeril, parafon forte
used in situations where paralysis is desired (like during surgery)
do not affect consciousriess or relieve pain; therefore in surgery, they must always be given with sedative/pain relieving drugs.
Overview of the Muscular System
Muscles come in a variety of shapes and sizes because of all the humerous functions they have it is important to remember that the structure of the muscle matches it function
Muscle: general term of all contractile
Contractile property of muscle tissue allows it to become short and thick as a result of nerve impulse and then to relax once impulse is removed, alternative contraction and relaxation causes movement
Muscle Cells: are elongated and resemble fibers like those in a rope
Muscle tissue: Constructed of bundles of these fibers, each approximately the size of human hair.
Strains and Tears
Signs and Symptoms: vary depending on severity of injury
Mild Strain (no tear of muscle of tendon fibers): mild pain and possibly stiffness
Moderate Strain (some tearing of muscle or tendon fibers): more intense pain, bruising, obvious weakness.
Severe Strain (complete tear of muscle or tendon): severe pain, swelling, extensive bruising, and often complete loss of movement.
**
Some muscle tears are good for you. When you exercise muscle groups, they develop small tears. When it heals the muscle growth occurs and mass is gained
Strains and Tears
Diagnosis: medical history, physical examination, imaging (MRI, X-ray, and Ultra Sound)
Treatment: Varies with severity of injury with a severe strain and moderate strain-should be treated by a doctor
tears: treated surgically at time of diagnosis
Strains are often slow to heal
Skeletal muscle and dense regular connective tissue have only moderate ability to repair themselves
Functional Unit of Muscle
Each muscle cell is an elongated fiber known muscle fiber; can be up to 12 inches in length
several muscle fiers can be bundled together to form specific mucle segment
each muscle fiber composed of several myofibrils
Thick myofilaments made up of protein myosin; Tin myofilaments made up of protein actin
Sacromere has actin and myosin filaments arranged in repeating units separated from each other by dark bands called z lines
Muscular System Disorder
Mitochondrial Myopathy
signs and symptoms: progressive muscle weakness, often accompanied by hearing loss, diabetes mellitus, heart problems, nervous system disorder and other biochemical abnormalities
Defect in ATP production in the mitochondria
progressive muscle weakness, hearing loss, diabetes, heart problems, NS disorders
Myastheris gravis: disorder in which the immune sytem attacks and destroys a large umber of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
Types Of Muscles
Three major Types of Muscles: Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle
Skeletal Muscles is voluntary muscles, attach to bones of skeletal system.
Fibers appears striped, so sometimes called Striated Muscle
Allow external movement and are developed through exercise (running, lifing, and scratching are examples)
Smooth Muscles
Involuntary muscles, called Smooth because don't ave striped appearance of skeletal muscles
Found within certain organs blood vessels and airways, and allow for internal movements
Considered the muscle of organs so sometimes it;s called Visceral Muscle
Change in blood vessel diameter is one example
Myopathy
General term of muscle disease or disorder
Causes include: injury, genetics, nervous system disorder, medication, cellular abnormalities
Symptoms: weakness, cramping, stiffness, spasm
treatment: depends on cause
Tendinits and Tendinosis
Rarely is there inflammation, more physicians referring to tendinitis as tendinosis or tendiopathy
Cause; degenerative disease leading to breakdown and scarring of tendons
Cause; appears to be caused by failure of tendons to repair themselves after injury
Cause; commonly seen related to overuse/repetitive motion or untreated acute injuries
Tendinitis/ Tendinosis
Some tendons more prone to tendinosis; rotator cuff, achilies tendon, tibialis posterior tendon, tendons of lateral elbow.
Other risk factors; age, gender, skeletal anatomy, types of occupational equipment used, systemic disease (like diabetes mellitus, because of poor wound healing
Signs and Symptoms include pain, tenderness, and stiffness
Treatment types; RICE, physical Therapy, steroids (short termonly), laser, ultra Sound and extracoporeal shock wave therapy, surgery is a last resort, unfortunately, treatments not very effective, prognosis not as good for acute tendon injuries.
ATP and Calcium
Both needed for muscle contraction and relaxation
ATP provides the energy to help the myosin heads form and break with the action
Calcium returns to the SR, the crossbridge is broke and the muscle realaxess
ACH (neurotranmitter) helps excite the muscle (gets it to contact) and the NA ion channels to open and NA then flows into the muscle (this excites the muscle which causes CA to be released
Tetanus (lock jaw)
muscle disorder
signs and symptoms: progressive descending muscle spasm, paralysis, stiffness and pain, esp. jaw
Muscle spasms can be induced by a loud noises or even turning on a light
Treatments: wound hygiene, tetanus antitoxin, sedation, ventilator support, pain management
Cardiac Muscle
Complete involuntary; specialized muscle with striated appearance
Found solely in heart
Contraction of muscle causes heart beat, internal movement
Shin Splints
Common inflammation injury of lower leg extensor muscles and surrounding tissues
Related to runnning
Can be treated with rest; reduction of exercise intensity, ice, anit-inflammatory medication, and modification of foot wear
Movement Terminology
Muscle that bends the joint is called a flexor muscle
Muscle that straightens the joints is called an extensor muscle
Some muscular diseases can cause ataxia which is a condition of irregular muscle movement and a lack of muscle coordination
Muscular System
The Skeletal System provides the framework for the human body, the body needs a system that allows movement/location ad hence we have the.... Muscular System
All Muscle have what in common?
The ability to stretch~extensibility (to a degree)