Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Community Ecology (Metapopulations in Patchy Environments (Fugitive…
Community Ecology
Metapopulations in Patchy Environments
Metapopulations
Several Interconnected Populations
Have Gene Flow Between Populations
Source Habitat
High Quality Patch
Sink Habitat
Low Quality Patch
Fugitive Species
Colonize New Patches
Flourish Temporarily
Moves and Colonizes New Patches
Assisted Dispersal
Assisted Migration
Organisms Captured in One Area and Moved to Another
Risky
Concepts
Community
Group of Species Living Together
Interactions Between Species
Same Time and Space
Boundaries in Time
Succession
New Species into a Community
Occurs Many Times
Climax Community
Community That Remains the Same
Community Restoration
Restoring Communties
Typically After Natural Disasters
After Human-Related Work Too
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
Food Chains and Webs
Communities Have 3 Trophic Levels
Food Chain
Direct Line of Consumption
Prey Species Threatened By Many Predators
Food Web
Network of Numerous Interrelationships
All Prey and Predators
Many are Incomplete
Energy Flow Web
Extremely Difficult to Construct
Keystone Species
Dramatically Affects Community Structure is Absent or Present
Easy to Identify
Diversity
Amount of Species in a Community
Checklist
National Parks and Wildlife Preserves
Count of All Species Present
Always Incomplete
Can Be Animals or Growth Forms
Diversity and Scale
Scale
Size of the Area
Larger Areas are More Diverse
Species-Area Relationship
Area and Species Richness Relationship
Forumala S=cA2
Alpha Diversity
Number of Species at a Local Site
Beta Diversity
Several Small Sites in a Large Region
Gamma Diversity
Number of Species in a Region
Species Abundance Distribution
Number of Species in Each Abundance Class
Not Truly Accurate
Diversity and Latitude
Species in Higher Latitudes have Less Diversity
Near the Equator has High Diversity
Climates Play a Big Role
Geography Also a Factor
Evolutionary History
Predator-Prey Interactions
One Predator, One Prey
Simplest System
Predator and Prey Numbers Could Become Low
Or Numbers Could Remain Constant
Functional Response
Feeding Rate
How Quickly Predator Finds Prey
Handling Time
Amount of Time Needed to Consume Prey
Prey-Dependent
Functional Response Dependent on Prey Density
Zero-Growth Isocline
Population Stability
Paradox of Enrichment
Improved Conditions
Predator Overexploits the Prey
Both Predator and Prey Will be Lost
Loss of Species Diversity
Maximum Sustained Yield
Stabilized Species Number
Harvesting Enough Species to Keep a Certain Point
Fixed Effort Harvesting
Amount of Individuals That Can Be Harvested with Certain Effort
Healthy Populations = Abundant Harvest
Fixed Quota Harvesting
Can Only Fixed a Certain Amount
Potentially Harmful
Predator Selection and Multiple Prey
Factors in Prey Choice
Probability of Encountering Prey
Chances of Attacking the Prey
Can the Prey be Eaten
Optimal Diet Model
Formed From Optimal Foraging Theory
Prefer Prey that Yields Most Energy
If Prey Becomes Scarce, Eat Lower Energy Prey That's Abundant
Some Prey Will Never Be Eaten
Less Profitable Prey Will be Ignored if More Profitable is Near
Competition Between Species
Interspecies Competition
Several Species Competing For Resources
Exploitation Competition
Organisms Consume a Shared Resource
Resource Becomes Less Available for Others
Interference Competition
Restricting an Organism's Access to Resources
May Not Actually Use Resource
Species Can Coexist
Species Much Interfere With Themselves More than Each Other
If They Can Increase in Density
Resource
Anything That Can Lead to Increased Growth Rates
Apparent Competition
Plants Not Actually Competing for a Resource
Eating of One Plant cause an Increase in Another
Beneficial Interactions Between Species
Mutualism
Species Interaction that Is Beneficial to Both
Pollinators and Plants
Evolved from Initial Predator Interactions
Comes with a Cost
Must try to Minimize the Cost
Facilitation
Helping another Organism Without Benefit
Facilitates
Nurse Plants
Create Good Conditions for Seedlings
Primary Succession
Organisms Establish on Newly Created Substances
After a Volcano or Glacier
