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L7: Introduction to Human Factors (Factors to Consider when Designing /…
L7: Introduction to Human Factors
Human Factors
History of HE
Early
Productivity
Increasingly technological
Safety
Modern
Safety conscious
Nature of human error = how to reduce it
Automated systems
4 Main Goals*
Increasing Productivity
Enhancing Safety
Reducing Error
Enhancing Comfort
Difference between Natural and Engineered Systems**
User Centred Design (tailored)
N: don't function to fit external agent (human) - very few
E: attempts to fit human characteristics into system
Design Against Failure
N: Succeeds by failure (choose better performers than accomodating them)
E: Focus on preventing failure than finding someone better
Purposeful Design (functional)
N: exists as it is, because it worked
E: tools have a clear purpose
Practioner Roles
Equipment + machine design
Job + Task Design
Environmental Design
Personnel selection and training
Human Factors Engineering Process
Gain feedback > product user
Evaluation Research (objectively)
Design product
Conclusion (success or redesign)
Research Methods
Surveys
Task simulations (more control)
Accident and Incident Reports (past)
Laboratory experiment (specific)
Field studies
Factors to Consider when Designing / Researching*
Sensory Processing (info from task > access brain)
Perception (give meaning to sensory data)
Human Information Processing (mental process influence performance)
Cognition and Memory (working memory)
Outcome Measurements (units of performance)
Accuracy / error
Response Time
Workload / capacity demands
Preference
Response Selection and Execution (understand thru perception > decision to make)
Attention (use of mental resource to perform)
Situation Awareness (SA)
3 Levels of SA
Comprehend meaning of elements
Project of status in future (predict + make plans decisions)
Perceive elements
Limitations of Expertise
Expert performance, regardless of exp level and motivation > may make an error
Human Error and Accidents (examples)
Aviation
Medicine