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JessicaNyquistCentralNervousSystem (Cerebrum (Temporal Lobes (Recognition…
JessicaNyquistCentralNervousSystem
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Regulates hunger & thirst
Regulates sleep & wake cycles
Regulates body temperature
Controls endocrine system
Controls autonomic nervous system
Controls motivational behavior
Food, sex
Involved with emotion
Primary visceral control center
Breathing, heart rate
Involved in memory formation
Epithalamus
A small group of brain nuclei
Pineal gland
Melatonin secretion (sleep preparation)
Stimulated by hypothalamus
Location: most dorsal portion of diencephalon
Thalamus
Composed of gray matter
All sensory information is relayed through thalamus (except olfaction) travelling to cortex
Contains jelly-bean like nuclei
Can amplify of diminish sensory information
Interthalamic adhesions: a hole in 3rd ventricle
CNS Protection
Arachnoid Mater
Delicate fibers
Connects arachnoid mater to pia mater
Subarachnoid Space
Contains blood vessels
Filled with CSF
Subdural Space
Small film of fluid
Pia Mater
Transparent
Delicate layer of fibrous C.T. on surface of brain (clings tightly)
Richly vascularized
Epidural Space
Contains adipose
Present in spinal cord
Dural Venous Sinuses
Form from separation of periosteal & meningeal layers of dura mater
Where re-absorption of CSF takes place
Exist along fissures of brain
Dura Mater
Periosteal portion
Superficial layer: next to bone, not on spinal cord
Meningeal portion
Deeper layer
Dense fibrous C.T.
Spinal Cord
Cauda Equina
Ending fibers of spinal cord
Filum Terminale
Fibrous C.T. anchoring spinal cord to coccyx
Conus Medularis
Tapered end of spinal cord (at level of L1-L2)
Anterior Root
Carries motor signals
Posterior Root
Carries sensory information
Cerebrum
Occipital Lobe
Visual cortex
Vision
Insula
General visceral sensation (pressure, stretch, pain, discomfort)
Visceral sensory cortex (gustation)
Temporal Lobes
Recognition of objects, words & faces
Language comprehension
Auditory cortex
Emotional response
Memory
Olfactory cortex
Pre-central Gyrus
Initiation of voluntary movement
Primary motor cortex
Parietal Lobes
Awareness of objects, sound & body parts
Conscious awareness of general somatic sensation
Receives & processes sensory information
Post-central Gyrus
Body is consciously aware of these sensations
Primary somatosensory cortex
Stimulus: general senses
Muscles
Joins
Skin
Frontal Lobe
Planning & initiating voluntary movement
Memory
Thinking, planning & decision making
Broca's Area
Motor speech area
Location: left hemisphere, anteriorly
Controls motor movements of speech
Wernicke Area
Location: typically in left hemisphere, posteriorly
Gives ability to name objects & read words
Speech decoder (enables understanding of speech)
Association Tracts/Fibers
Send messages within same hemisphere
Relatively short tracts
Commissural Tracts/Fibers
Send messages from one hemisphere to the other
Ex. Corpus Callosum
Longer tracts
Projection Tracts/Fibers
Run vertically from cerebral cortex to caudal portion of brain
Pathway: Cortex → Thalamus → Spinal cord
Longest tracts
Tracts
White matter
Bundle of axons
Only in CNS
Brain Stem
Pons
Reticular formation nuclei
Involved with autonomic behaviors
Medulla Oblongata
Cranial nerve nuclei
Cranial nerves connect to brain
Decussation of pyramids
Information crossing over from one side of brain to other
Composed of gray matter
Sensory tracts
Ascending sensory information
Olfactory or optic cranial nerves do not pass through
Functions
Vasomotor center (blood pressure)
Respiratory center
Cardiac center
Midbrain
Corpora quadrigemina
Inferior colliculi
Auditory reflexes
Superior colliculi
Visual reflexes
Cerebral peduncles
Composed of pyramidal motor tracts
Take information from cerebrum to spinal cord
Cerebellum
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Afferent pathway
Connects the medulla oblongata to the cerebellum
Priprioreceptive signals = equilibrium
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
Efferent pathway
Connects the pons to cerebellum
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Efferent pathway
Connects midbrain to cerebellum
Functions
Maintains posture & equilibrium
Smooths and coordinates body movements
Other structures
Arbor Vitae: tree-like white matter
Vermis: in between cerebellar hemispheres