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Chapter 8/9 (Oxidative Phosphorylation (Fermantation (two types (alcoholic…

- - - - alcoholic
        
        yeast --> wine
        
        yeast --> bread
      - lactic acid
        
        bacteria --> cheese
        
        bacteria ---> yougurt
- - - - Spontaneous
        
        occur with out energy input; can happen quickly or slowly
        
        log of wood, ashes (less energy), heat (thermal)
        
        more energy
      - Increase entropy
        
        energy is not provided
      - Hydrolisis
        
        reaction with water
        
        ATP (adenosine triphosphate is cells energy shuttle
      - decrease chaos
      - release enrgy
        
        mitochandria
        
        ATP releases energy, ADP + P
        
        G < 0 (neg number)
        
        energy is for someone else to use
        
        energy coupling, use of exergonic to drive endergonic
        
        Phosphorylated intermidiate, recipient molecule
      - Exergonic
        
        net release and reaction is spontaneous
        
        Mechanical work
        
        such as contraction of muscle cells
        
        Transport work
        
        pumping substances against the directions of spontaneous movement
        
        chemical work
        
        pushing endergonic reactions
      - G < 0
        
        Free energy
        
        energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout system
        
        more stable
        
        less work capacity
        
        less free energy
  - - - G > 0
        
        Free energy
        
        energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout system
        
        Greater work capacity
        
        less stale
        
        more free energy
      - endergonic
        
        one absorbs free energy from its surroundings
        
        Chemical work
        
        pushing endergonic reactions
        
        Transport work
        
        pumping substances against the directions of spontaneous movement
        
        Mechanical work
        
        such as contraction of muscle cells
      - increase chaos
      - decrease entropy
        
        energy is provided
      - non spontaneous
        
        decompose, form bonds
      - dehydration synthesis
      - input energy
        
        Chloroplast
        
        ADP + P, input ATP
        
        G > 0 (pos number)
        
        energy not for someone else
        
        energy coupling, use of exergonic to drive endergonic
        
        Phosphorylated intermidiate, recipient molecule
  - - - Enzymes/Reactions
        
        Enzyme 2 (B)
        
        Reaction 2
        
        Enzyme 3 (C)
        
        Reactions 3
        
        Enzyme 1 (A)
        
        Reaction 1
        
        Product (D)
        
        specific product that can't be made with out having A, B, or C
- - - - chemical agent that speeds up reaction with out being consumed by reaction
    - - amount of energy needed to push the reactions to the top of an energy barrier
        
        supplied in form of thermal energy
        
        molecules absorb from their surroundings
    - - enzymes or other catalyst speed up specific reactions by lowering the Ea barrier
        
        do not affect the change in free energy
        
        hasten reactions that would occur eventually
  - - - substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction
  - - - region on the enzyme where substrate binds
        
        can lower Ea barrier by
        
        straining substrates bonds
        
        providing a favorable microenvironment
        
        orienting substrates correctly
        
        covalently bonding to the substrate
        
        competitive inhibitors
        
        reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites
        
        non competitive
        
        do not directly compete with substrate to bind to the enzyme at active site
  - - - in organic
        
        minerals
        
        iron
        
        cooper
        
        potassium
        
        sulfur
    - - organic
        
        vitamins
- - - - Aerobic
        
        with oxygen
      - Anerobic
        
        without oxygen
  - - - Cytoplasm near the mitochondria, no oxygen
        
        Glucose (6 carbon molecules)
        
        Cytoplasmic fluid
        
        ATP
        
        Pyruvic acid (3 carbon molecules)
        
        CO2
        
        High energy electrons carried by NADH
      - Reactants
        
        .
        
        1 glucose
        
        2NAD+ from ETS
        
        2ADP + 2P
        
        Products
        
        .
        
        2 ATP
        
        2 pyruvic acid
        
        2 NADH go to ETS
        
        2H +
    - - mitochondrial matrix
        
        NADH and FADH2
        
        ATP
        
        CO2
      - Reactants
        
        .
        
        2 Acetyl CoA
        
        6 NAD+ from ETS
        
        2 ADP + 2P
        
        2 FAD from ETS
        
        Products
        
        .
        
        4 CO2
        
        6 NADH go to ETS
        
        2 FADH2 go to ETS
        
        2 ATP
    - - inner mitochondrial membrane
        
        NADH and FADH2
        
        ATP
        
        Mitochondrion
        
        reactants
        
        .
        
        10 NADH
        
        2 FADH2
        
        O2
        
        H+
        
        ADP, P
        
        products
        
        .
        
        H2O
        
        32 or 34 ATP
        
        NAD+
        
        FAD
    - - enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP to make ATP
      - Reactants
        
        .
        
        2 pyruvic acid
        
        2 NAD+ from ETS
        
        2 Coenzyme A
        
        Products
        
        .
        
        2CO2
        
        2NADH-go to ETS
        
        2 Acetyl CoA
- - - - random movement of atoms or molecules
    - - energy matter processes because of location
        
        top of the mountain
    - - motion, energy is there because of location
        
        bottom of the mountain
    - - potential energy available for release for release in chemical reaction
        
        chemical energy released when eating bread
    - - Thermal energy in transfer between objects
- - - - when energy is transformed, entropy increases (disorder/randomness)
      - entropy measures of molecular disorder
    - - energy can transformed and transferred, but cannot be created nor destroyed
      - the energy of the universe is constant
      - principle of conservation of energy
    - - energy can be transferred between the system and its surrounding
      - matter can also be trasferred
      - never reach equilibrium
    - - unable to exchange energy
      - unable to exchange matter with its surroundings