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Aquaculture (Health, Disease and Welfare (Symptoms (Increased mortality…

- - - - 19.7kg/person/yr (2013)
      - Provide 3.1 billion with 20% of animal protein
      - 1/6 --> Fish = 100% animal protein
      - 146 million tonnes
    - - Increasing consumption per capita
        
        0.7 (1970) --> 7.8 (2008) per capita supply
      - Capture = 60 million tonnes/year (Stabilised)
      - Aquaculture = 73.8 million tonnes/year
    - - FAO --> Disease = Major limiting factor
      - China (61%)
      - Indonesia (8%)
      - India (6%)
      - 22% --> Developing country agricultural exports
    - - Animal enrichment
      - Predator control
      - Polyculture = Greater use of resources = Sustainability
      - Aquaculture: The farming of aquatic animals with some sort of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production with ownership of stock
    - - Since 1970 --> 8.7% p.a. growth
      - Relatively new Aus industry
      - Aus 2009 --> $887 million
    - - 300 farmed aquatic species
      - Top 5 species groups = Carp, oysters, clams, freshwater fishes, shrimps
      - Also plants (kelp and nori)
    - - Barramundi = Protoandrous hermaphrodites
    - - Especially carnivores
      - No chewing --> Sucked into buccal cavity
    - - More than 18 million imported
      - 97% freshwater
      - 12-14% Australians are owners
      - Source of invasive species
      - Source of pathogens (Dwarf Gourami Iridovirus)
  - - - Rate of growth & reproduction
      - Ease of captive breeding
      - High fecundity
      - Accept artificial feeds
      - Herbi-/omnivores > Carnivores
      - Feed conversion efficiency
      - Physiological tolerance
    - - Ecological
        
        Topography
        
        Soil quality
        
        Water & weather
        
        Pollution
      - Biological
        
        Species selection
        
        Predator control
      - Economic
        
        Marketing
      - Legal
        
        Licensing
    - - Sea cage (5x5x5)
      - Trays/baskets
      - Stick culture (Wild spat)
      - Ponds (Water flow via tide)
      - Tanks
    - - Coastal --> Tidal action
      - Open system --> Structure placed in water
      - Closed system --> Recirculation of water with minimal exchange
        
        Pros
        
        High water quality + biosecurity
        
        Cons
        
        High cost + maintenance + disease outbreak effect
- - - - White Spot Disease (WSD)
      - Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (KHV)
      - Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS)
    - - Immunostimulants
      - Clean water source
      - Break parasite life cycle
      - Prevent stress
      - Increase DO
      - Biosecurity
  - - - Pump failure --> Oxygen depletion
      - Chemical treatment --> Loss of biofilter
      - Air leak to water pipes --> Gas bubble disease
    - - Ag run off after heavy rain
    - - Eutrophication --> Oxygen depletion
    - - Red tide algal bloom --> Toxins
      - Jelly fish plague
  - - - Quarantine
      - Vaccination
        
        Injection --> Best protection but expensive
        
        Immersion --> Large treatment + low cost
      - Sanitation
      - Public education
    - - Random sampling --> Early detection
    - - Treatment
- - - - Small producer
      - Export high value species
      - Constrained by legislation + high production costs
    - - PCR-based tests
      - Vaccine development
    - - Species-specific diets
      - Alternative protein sources (GMO plants)
      - Development of advanced delivery methods
    - - Selective improvement (consumer preference)
      - Domestication selection (Production traits favoured)
      - Crossbreeding (Hybrid vigour)
      - Genetic biotech
        
        Sex reversal
        
        Genetic engineering (2016 --> Coho salmon growth hormone transgenesis)
        
        Triploid production via lightning (Fish = Bad, Oysters = Good)
        
        Cryopreservation of gametes (Trading enabled)
- - - - Immobilsation for tagging, weighing and measuring, grading, blood collection and transport
    - - Fast acting (1-15 mins)
      - Immobilising
      - Easily administered
      - Quick recovery (~5 mins)
      - Stable, biodegradable, non-toxic to humans
      - Cheap and long shelf-life
    - - TMS powder
      - Benzocaine
      - AQUI-S