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Pigs (Production (Terminology (Sow: Served breeding female, Gilt: Unbred…

- - - - Necessitates large operation and labour force
      - Product quality and consistency threatened
      - Problem = Large number of different aged pigs housed together
    - - Production system types
        
        Segregated early weaning (8-10 days) then moved to another farm until 8 weeks
        
        Batch farrowing
        
        Multisite production
        
        Age segregated rearing (5-14 days)
      - Benefits
        
        Increased growth rate
        
        Cleaner sheds --> Improved health and welfare
        
        More efficient time planning --> Reduced labour costs
      - Problems
        
        Slaughter fat and weight inconsistency
        
        Reproduction problems in early weaning operations
    - - Benefits
        
        Increased perceived welfare
      - Problems
        
        Less management --> More piglet losses
        
        Greater vector contact --> Increased disease risk
        
        Requires specific soil
  - - - Genetics
      - Conformation
      - Teat number
  - - - Newborn piglets --> 32-35^C
      - Suckers --> 24-30^C
      - Weaners --> 20-30^C
      - All other pigs --> 15-30^C
      - All classes kept cool in summer to prevent heat stress
    - - Remove moisture, toxic gases, odour and excess heat
    - - Concrete
      - Grating
    - - Perimeter fence
      - One point entry
      - Feed silos refilled without truck entry
      - Quarantine area
    - - Physical protection of piglets (farrowing crate)
      - Thermal comfort of piglets (heat lamp)
      - Protect sow from heat stress (ventilation)
      - Provide separate thermal environments for sow and piglets
- - - - Reducing animal stress --> Decreased immune response and increased growth hormone
        
        Housing
        
        Social environment
        
        Nutrition
        
        Transport
      - Colostrum: Mix of immunoglobulins and high levels of protein, energy and vitamin D
        
        200mL critical within hours of birth --> Ability to absorb decreases after 6 hours
        
        Only produced by sow for 24-48 hours
        
        More colostrum in first 24-36 hours = Greater ability to fight disease
      - Vaccination
        
        Boosters maintain high immunity
    - - Traffic movement
        
        Vehicles
        
        People
      - Quarantine
      - Hygiene
        
        Cleaning pens
        
        Replacing straw
        
        Disinfected equipment after use
        
        Disposal of dead carcasses
      - Management
        
        Sampling
        
        Action plans
      - Controlling vectors
  - - - Foot & Mouth Disease (FMD)
      - Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD)
      - Classical Swine Fever (CSF)
    - - Mycoplasma pneumonia
      - Pleuropneumoniae (APP)
      - Glasser's Disease
      - Leptospirosis
      - Parvovirus
      - Erysipelas
    - - E. coli
      - Scours
  - - - Increased parity --> Decreased savaging
      - Farrowing crate
    - - Ensure 32-35^C temperatures first 48 hours
    - - Colostrum
      - Vaccination
- - - - Hyperprolific selection
      - Gene mapping
      - Sex pre-determination
      - Gene editing
      - Changes in breeding objectives
  - - - Landrace
      - Large White
      - Duroc
      - Hampshire
      - Pietrain
    - - Maternal heterosis --> Improves litter size
      - Offspring heterosis --> Benefits growth traits
      - Increased heritability = Decreased heterosis impact
    - - Parent terminal: All crossbred gilts and TSL boars purchased (Easiest but high cost)
      - Grandparent terminal: 10-20% of sows purchased (Moderate cost)
      - Rota-terminal: Use a rotation within a small herd portion (10-15%) to generate replacement females (Hardest but low cost)