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Ch. 5 - Brainpower for Leadership (Critical Thinking - a leader's…
Ch. 5 - Brainpower for Leadership
Critical Thinking
- a leader's critical thinking skills have a direct influence on his or her effectiveness
Principles of Critical Thinking
self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way
critical thinking is habit of being guided by universal values of logic and a deep respect for the truth
developing the ability to think critically is a longlong endeavor, a never-ending process
7 Universal Intellectual Standards
Clarity
calls for critical thinkers to express their ideas such that people will know exactly what thoughts are racing through their brains
Accuracy
demands that critical thinkers back up their claims and that other people be allowed to double-check those claims
Precision
statements mean what they say and say what they mean
Relevance
calls for all supporting claims to advance the overall argument
Depth
marked by depth, the willingness to examine every imaginable complexity or factor bearing on an issue
Breadth
concerns how far across either side he or she is willing to look when considering an issue
Logic
is when one point supports the next and the conclusions flow naturally
Elements of Thought
- Reasoning...
has a purpose
is an attempt to figure something out
is based on assumptions or beliefs you take for granted
has a point of view
is based on evidence, data, and information
is expressed through and shaped by concepts and ideas
contains inferences by which we draw conclusion
leads somewhere and consequences
Modes of Thinking
big-picture
focused
realistic
shared
Logical Fallacies
- error of reasoning
Ad Hominem
- instead of focusing on the logic of an opposing argument, an ad hominem attacks the other person
Appeal to Authority
- tries to prove a claim by asserting that some smart person believes the claim to be true and therefore it must be true
Post Hoc Fallacy
- illustrates the difference between correlation (2 things being related somehow) and causation (one event causing another event, like a chain reaction)
Appeal to Tradition
- makes the assumption that older ideas are better, and that the leader's job is to prevent change
Red Herring
- while a given line of thought may indeed be true, it is a red herring if it is not relevant to the issue at hand
Weak Analogy
- arises because no matter how similar two things are, they are never exactly alike
Straw Man Fallacy
- instead of attacking the opposition head-on, this fallacy misrepresents the opposing position, making it seem weaker than it is
Begging the Question / Circular Reasoning
- if your argument's conclusion is the same as one of your premises, you're begging the question
False Dilemma
- we are faced with only 2 not very good choices; arise because of a failure to think creatively
Slippery Slope
- if the idea that one thing leads to another is fixed in your mind, you may travel down the slippery slope
Creative Thinking
- concentration plus imagination
Unappreciated Geniuses
Even if you develop the habit of thinking creatively, there is no guarantee that your ideas will be welcomed. Therefore, people tend to stay in the status quo.
Monuments to the Status Quo
- our respect for majority rule can discourage people from expressing unpopular ideas that run contrary to the majority's opinion
advertising
sedition acts
uniformity
military tradition
KISS
- Keep it simple stupid
Tools for Creative Thinking
Tools to Generate Ideas
Brainstorming
Mindmapping
5 "Why"s
Tools to Analyze Problems
Reversal
Headlines of the Future
Flowcharts
Tools to Make Decisions
Multi-voting
Weighted pros/cons
Gradual Voting
Teaching & Training People
The Trainer's Goalposts
- learning objectives
the precise goal effective teachers and trainers try to lead their people
should describe what the student should know, feel, or be able to do at the end of the lesson
are specific (saying exactly what is to be accomplished) and measurable (can be tested fairly)
Learning Styles
Visual
Auditory
Tactile
Kinesthetic
Teaching & Training Methods
lecture
guided discussion
demonstration
experiential
simulation