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Dairy (Production (Yield (Nutrition, Feeding, Age/parity, Body weight,…

- - - - 3.5-4.5% fat
      - 2.9-3.5% protein (casein)
      - 4.5-5% lactose
      - Minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Zn)
      - Vitamins (A, B2, B12)
  - - - 4 quarters
      - 50kg
      - 400-500L blood/L milk
  - - - 283 day pregnancy
    - - 305 days wet and 60 days dry
  - - - Low bail (26%)
      - Moderate-high bail (54%)
      - Partial mixed ration (PMR) (13%)
      - Hybrid (5%)
      - TMR (2%)
- - - - High SCC = Mastitis
      - 1-6 quality grades for TBC and SCC
    - - Cause = Bacteria entering udder alveoli via damaged epithelial cells
      - Symptoms = Change in electrical conductivity or positive CMT
      - Types
        
        Subclincal < Chronic < Mild < Moderate < Acute < Severe
      - Influencing factors
        
        Increased risk during early lactation
        
        Increased risk during wet weather
        
        Milking routine
        
        Clean teat
        
        Contagious
        
        Overmilking
        
        Negative stimulation --> Releases adrenaline --> Interferes with oxytocin action --> Poor milk letdown
      - Prevention
        
        Minimise bacteria entrance (Clean laneways and milking sheds)
        
        Monitoring milking machines
        
        Checking subclinical cases
      - Treatment
        
        Check for clots, wipe with alcoholic wipes, antibiotic injection, massage throughout udder, disinfect teat, separate cow from herd
    - - Staphylococcus aureus (Difficult to eradicate)
      - Streptococcus agalactiae (Sensitive to treatment)
      - Mycoplasma spp. (Highly contagious)
      - Streptococcus uberis and bovis (Faeces)
      - Coliforms (Faecal contamination of udder)
    - - UHT (138^C for 2s)
      - HTST (72^C for 15s)
  - - - Symptom = 1st month death
      - <10% morbidity and <3% mortality targets
      - Causes = Neonatal enteritis (>50% mortality) or BRD (<50% mortality
    - - 4-6 weeks --> 7 in 1
      - 8-12 weeks --> 7 in 1
      - 6 months --> 7 in 1
      - Heifers --> Pestigard
      - Pregnant heifers --> BEF + Bovilis S
      - Pregnant cows --> BEF
      - Dry off cows --> Bovilis S
    - - 0-3 scale
      - Risk factors
        
        Sideway pushing whilst herding
        
        Rough surfaces
        
        Holstein-Friesian
        
        Muddy laneways
    - - Hypocalcemia
        
        Cause = Low blood Ca
        
        Symptom = Muscular weakness, circulatory collapse
        
        Treatment = Ca borogluconate
      - Hypomagnesemia
      - Acidosis
        
        Cause = Abrupt diet change
        
        Symptoms = Not eating, low rumination, low milk fat, foamy faeces
      - Ketosis
    - - Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD)
      - Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
    - - BVD
      - Leptospirosis
      - Vibrosis
      - Neosporosis
  - - - Colostrum
      - Transport
      - Disbudding
      - 5 freedoms
      - Social behaviour indicators
- - - - 50-100% increase for yield traits
      - 3-4 fold for low heritability traits
      - No limit to selection