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Central Nervous System (Cerebrum (White matter tracts (Association…
Central Nervous System
Cerebrum
Precentral gyrus
- Primary motor cortex
- Controls voluntary movement
Postcentral gyrus
- Primary somatosensory cortex
- e.g. skin, muscles, and joints
- Consciously aware of sensations
Broca area
- Left hemisphere
- Motor speech area
- Controls movement of speech
Wernicke area
- Left hemisphere
- Helps us understand speech
- Able to name objects and read words
Cortex
- Gray matter (neuron cell bodies)
White matter
- Myelinated / unmyelinated axons
-
Frontal lobe
- Think
- Planning
- Memory
- Decision making
- Initiating voluntary movement
Parietal lobe
- Receives sensory info and processes it
- Conscious of general somatic sensations
- Awareness of objects, sounds, and body parts
Temporal lobe
- Memory
- Emotional response
- Auditory and olfactory cortex
- Recognitions of objects, words, and faces
-
Insula
- Gustation cortex
- General visceral sensations
- e.g. stretch, discomfort, and pain
White matter tracts
Association
- Connects parts of the same hemisphere
Commissural
- Corpus callosum
- From one hemisphere to another
Projection
- Longest tract
- Runs vertically
- Receives sensory info from spinal cord
- Sends info back to spinal cord and PNS
Diencephalon
Thalamus
- Several nuclei
- Amplification of a signal or "tone down" the signal
- All sensory info on way to cortex goes through, except olfaction
Hypothalamus
- Main visceral control center
- Controls formation of memory
- Controls motivational behavior (food / sex)
- Controls endocrine system (hormones); involved with emotions
- Regulates body temp, hunger / thirst, and sleep / wake cycles
- Controls autonomic nervous system with help of gray matter in brain stem
Epithalamus
- Secretes melatonin to prepare us for sleep
Brain stem
Midbrain
Cerebral peduncles
- From cerebrum to spinal cord
- Composed of pyramidal motor tracts
Superior colliculi
- Involved in visual reflexes
Inferior colliculi
- Involved in auditory reflexes
-
Medulla oblongata
- Cardiac center
- Vasomotor center (blood pressure)
- Respiratory center (breathing rate)
- Reticular formation nuclei
- Involved with autonomic behavior
Pyramids
- Cortex of precentral gyrus
- Motor output through pyramidal tracts
- Ascending sensory and descending motor signals
Decussation of pyramids
- Crossing from one side to the other
Cranial nerve nuclei
- Where cranial nerves connect to the brain
- Olfactory and optic canal do not attach to brain stem
Sensory tracts
- Ascending through medulla oblongata ---> thalamus ---> cortex
Spinal cord
-
Conus medullaris
- Tapered at the end (L1 or L2)
-
Filum terminale
- Fibrous connective tissue anchored to coccyx
Anterior root
-
- Efferent
- Somatic motor signals travel out of motor axons
Posterior root
- Afferent
- Somatic sensory from skin, muscles, or joints
- Contains dorsal root ganglion (neuron cell bodies)
Cerebellum
Functions
- Maintain posture and equilibrium
- Smooth and coordinate body movements with help of other brain parts
Cerebellar peduncles
Superior
- Efferent
- Medulla oblongata to cerebellum
Middle
- Efferent
- Pons to the cerebellum
Inferior
- Afferent
- Midbrain to cerebellum
- Proprioceptor and equilibrium
CNS protection
Meninges
Dura mater
- Tough, dense fibrous connective tissue
- Perosteal portion : next to bone
- Meningeal portion : deeper; next to arachnoid mater
Arachnoid mater
- Little fibers look like spider webs
Pia mater
- Very vascular (rich with capillaries)
- Fibrous connective tissue on surface of cerebellum
Subarachnoid space
- Filled with cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels
-
Dural sinuses
- Filled with blue oxygen poor blood
- Form from perosteal and meningeal portions
- Absorbs CSF via the arachnoid granulations
Cerebrospinal fluid
- Produced by choroid plexus of each ventricle
- Nourished the brain by removing waste product
- Resists compression forces to cushion brain and spinal cord
- Give buoyancy to protect organs from being crushed under their own weight