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British Imperialism in China (Boxer Rebellion clashes-on-the-streets-of…

- - - - Due to China's attempts to suppress the opium trade
      - Foreign traders illegally exporting opium from India to China
      - Caused widespread addiction in China & later Chinese government destroyed tons of opium
      - The condition was worsen when British sailors killed a Chinese villager
      - British warships destroyed a Chinese blockade of the Pearl RIver
        
        British send an expeditionary force to China and arrived at HongKong
        
        British captured Nanjing
      - The treaty of Nanjing: China pay a large indemnity, cede Hong Kong Island to the British, and increase the number of treaty ports
      - The British Supplementary treaty of the Bogue: gave British citizens extraterritoriality & most-favoured-nation status
  - - - Between Britain and French against China
      - Operations began in late 1857
      - May 1858 —> British warships arrived in Tianjin and forced the Chinese to negotiate
      - June 1858 —> treaty signed and provided residence for foreign envoys, new ports for western trade, and the right for foreign travel
      - Summer of 1858 —> the British withdrew from the area
      - June 1859 —> the French and British came back to ratify the treaty however the Chinese refused.
      - August 1860 —> the French and British came with larger troops and managed to destroy the Dagu batteries, captured Beijing and burned the Yuanming Garden, the Emperor's Summer Palace
      - Late August 1860 —> the Chinese agreed to observe the treaties of Tianjin and ceded the British Southern portion of the Kowloon peninsula.
- - - - Formation of the CCP and Rise of Mao Zedong
      - The Chinese Communists Party was formed by a group of young Chinese people and joined forces with the Nationalists to expel foreigners and fight the warlords.
      - They hoped to win control of the Nationalists party by working from within.
      - Mao Zedong was the leader of this group and believed the communists would succeed in China by winning support of the peasants.
    - - Mao's forces held much of North China; Guomindang ruled in the south
    - - Communist victory and the Rise of the People's Republic of China
      - Mao Zedong announced the birth of the people's Republic of China to many supporters.
    - - the Red Armies had to undertake a massive military retreat that came to be known as the Long March. Fewer than one in ten who started on the Long March survived, but those who did went on to be the core of one of the most successful guerrilla armies ever.