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Chapter 8 and 9 (Ch 8 An Introduction to Metabolism (Concept 8.3 ATP…
Chapter 8 and 9
Ch 8 An Introduction to Metabolism
Concept 8.2 free-energy change of a reaction tells us if it is spontaneous or not
Exergonic and Endergonic reactions in Metabolism
exergonic reaction
net release of free energy, change of G is negative
endergonic reaction
absorbs free energy from surroundings, this reaction stores free energy causing change of G to be positive
Concept 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
energy coupling
use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic process
ATP
contains sugar ribose,nitrogenous base adenine, and chain of phosphate groups
Concept 8.1 Organisms metabolism transforms matter and energy
Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways
metabolic pathway
begins with specific molecule, later altered in a series of defined steps resulting in a product
catabolic pathways
metabolic pathways releasing energy by breaking down complex molecules to simple compounds
anabolic pathways
consume energy to build complicated molecules from simple ones, sometimes called biosynthetic pathways
Laws of Energy Transformation
First Law of Thermodynamics
energy of the universe is constant
Second Law of Thermodynamics
every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
Ch 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Concept 9.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
Concept 9.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
Concept 9.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
cytochromes
Ch 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Concept 9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
glucose a six-carbon sugar which splits into three-carbon sugars, and they rearrange to form two molecules of pyruvate
Concept 9.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
acetyl CoA
entering mitochondria through active transport, pyruvate first converted to compound acetyl coenzymes A
Concept 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP
aerobic respiration
oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel
cellular respiration
includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes
fermentation
partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without oxygen
Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction
oxidation
loss of electrons from one substance
reduction
addition of electrons to another substance
redox reactions
electron transfer
oxidizing agent
electron acceptor
reducing agent
electron donor
Stages of Cellular Respiration
pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
pyruvate enters mitochondrian and oxidized to compound acetyl CoA, breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide
Oxidation Phosphorylation
energy released at each stop of chain to make ATP to ADP
Glycolysis
occurs in cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a coumpound called pyruvate
Ch 8 An Introduction to Metabolism
Concept 8.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
enzyme
chemical agent that speeds up reaction without being consumed by reaction
activation energy
free energy of activation
Substrate Specificity of Enzymes
enzyme-substrate site
catalytic action of enzyme converts substrate to product of reaction
active site
pocket on surface of enzyme where catalysts occur
Enzyme Inhibitors
competitive inhibitors
reduce productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites
noncompetitive inhibitors
not directly compete with substrate to bind to enzyme at active site
Concept 8.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
Allosteric regulation
used to describe an case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of regularity molecule to separate site
cooperativity
mechanism amplifies the response of enzyme to substrates
feedback inhibitors
metabolic pathway is halted by inhibitory binding of its end products to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway