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Central Nervous System (From the cerebrum (Pre-central gyrus (motor…
Central Nervous System
From the cerebrum
Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving.
Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli.
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Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech
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Broca's Area-
area is to ensure that the speech is articulate, which can be understood by the listener
Wernicke's Area- involved in processing and interpreting the language received from the speaker. In simple words, the complex task of speech comprehension is done by the Wernicke's area.
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From the diencephalon
Hypothalamus acts as the connector between the endocrine and nervous systems to achieve this. It plays a part in many essential functions of the body such as:
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Epithalamus is responsible for connecting the lymbic system to the rest of the brain, as well as regulating hormones secreted by the pineal gland.
The Thalamus is divided into two walnut-sized parts. Both are found in deep in the center of the brain:
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regulates the senses of sight, sound, taste, touch and the sense of where the person's body is in space
From the cerebellum
The cerebellum is the area of the hindbrain that controls movement coordination, balance, equilibrium and muscle tone.
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The Cerebellar Peduncles
Middle cerebellar peduncle connect with pons, contain afferent fibers.
Superior cerebellar peduncle connect with midbrain, contain mostly efferent fibers.
Inferior cerebellar peduncle connect with medulla and spinal cord, contain both afferent and efferent fibers.
From the spinal cord
The cauda equina are a bundle of spinal nerve roots that begins at the level of first lumbar vertebra and surrounds the filum terminale.
The filum terninaleis a filament of connective tissue that extends inferiorly from the apex of the conus medullaris.
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The conus medularisof the spinal cord has a cone shaped end which is termed as conus medullaris. It is located between the end points of thoracic vertebrae or T-12 and at the starting of lumbar vertebrae or L-1.
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From brain stem
The Midbrain works with assistance from the cerebellum, cerebral cortex and substantia nigra to to control an individual's hearing, motor control, vision, arousal and temperature regulation. In addition, the midbrain also controls a person's sleep and awake cycle.
The Pons connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata. It also serves as the communication and coordination center between the two hemispheres of the brain. The pons is involved in several functions of the body including:
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The medulla oblongata helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation.
From the CNS protection
The three meninges:
The Arachnoid Mater is the middle layer of the meninges. In some areas, it projects into the sinuses formed by the dura mater. These projections are the arachnoid granulation/arachnoid villi. They transfer cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles back into the bloodstream.
Pia Mater is the innermost layer of the meninges. Unlike the other layers, this tissue adheres closely to the brain, running down into the sulci and fissures of the cortex. It fuses with the ependyma, the membranous lining of the ventricles to form structures called the choroid plexes which produce cerebrospinal fluid.
The dura mater is the most superior of the meningeal layers. Its name means "hard mother" in Latin and it is tough and inflexible. This tissue forms several structures that separate the cranial cavity into compartments and protect the brain from displacement.
the epidural space is a potential space between the dura mater and the skull. If there is hemorrhaging in the brain, blood may collect here. Adults are more likely than children to bleed here as a result of closed head injury.
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the subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid and pia mater. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. All blood vessels entering the brain, as well as cranial nerves pass through this space. The term arachnoid refers to the spider web like appearance of the blood vessels within the space.