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3 Models of Nursing Care Plans (Orem Model (There are EIGHT self care…
3 Models of Nursing Care Plans
RLT (Roper, Logan and Tierney model)
Base on dividing the information about the animal into FIVE sections
Activities of living
There are TWELVE Activities of living
Maintainng a safe environment
Communicating
Breathing
Eating and drinking
Eliminating
Personal cleansing
Controlling body temperature
Mobilising
Working and Playing
Expressing sexuality
Sleeping
Dying
The Patient's life span
Birth - Death
Each animals has a lifespan from birth to death and is likely to have stages along the way of neonate, kitten/puppy/foal, adolescent, adult, senior (geriatric). Some may die before they reach old age. Within the care plan, the 'lifespan' is represented as a diagram showing a unidirectional arrow from birth to death. NEONATE - GERIATRIC
It is added at the beginning of the care plan in order that a particular patient's position can be plotted on it, and their age can be seen at a glance. It is important that nurses have a visual reminder of the patient's age when they consider each of the ALs for any particular patient
Dependence - independence continuium
Are they dependent on us or independent?
Factors influencing the Activites of Living
Five factors
Psychological
The impact of psychological stresses on the AL's can be significant. E.g. a patient that is separated from it's owner may become withdrawn, refuse to eat and drink and unable to sleep
Environmental
The environment in which the patient is housed. The atmosphere, light and sound waves. Bright light can be tiring for an ill patient, as can the noise of a busy ward with the radio on. Organic and inorganic, e.g. dust may irritate an atopic patient and pathogenic microorganisms are a risk to all patients, in particular those who are elderly, immunosuppressed or recovering from major surgery. The build environment - all practice kennels and all other areas must be safe in order that the first AL can be achieved
Biological
Be aware of the biological state of the patient's body
Politico-economic
There are two parts - Health and economic status - This relates to the client more than the patient in a veterinary context, it is likely that the economic status of the client may influence the AL's. Health and World economy - Recession will have an impact on the amount that clients will speak
Socio-cultural
The client: Cultural idiosyncrasies of the client need to be considered in relation the the AL's. The Patient: Some animals are herd animals. A donkey may become 'lonely' and withdrawn without a companion
Individuality in living
The ALs are the main concept of this model, Although every patient is likely to carry out these activities, each patient may do them differently, thus expressing themselves as an individual, For example, a cat may eat in a very different way to a dog
The RLT allows for thorough assessment and greater consistency of care, prompting nurses to think for the patient in Holistic approach
Orem Model
Focuses on the concept of 'Self-care'
We need our owners to work together with us
There are EIGHT self care requisites (something that is necessary you need to get to a specific goal)
The maintenance of a sufficient intake of air
Further TWO catergories
Developmental self-care requisites
Seeking and securing appropriate medical assistance
Being aware of and attending to the effects and results of pathological conditions and states
Effectively carrying out medically prescribed treatment deleterious effects of medically prescribed treatment
Modifying self-image in accepting oneself as being in a particular state of health
Learning to live with the effects of pathological conditions and states
Health deviation self-care requisites
Intrauterine life and birth
Neonatal life
Infancy
The developmental stagesof childhood (for which substitute puppy, kitten, foal, etc), adolescence and early adulthood
The developmental stages of adulthood
Pregnancy
The maintenance of a sufficient intake of water
The maintenance of a sufficient intake of food
Satisfactory elimination functions
The maintenance of a balance between activity and rest
The maintenance of a balance between solitude and social integration
The prevention of hazards to life, wellbeing and functioning
The promotion of functioning and development within social groups and the desire to be normal (normality)
Orpet and Jeffery model