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MarkeciaBogardNervousSystem (Senses (Types of receptors based on stimulus…
MarkeciaBogardNervousSystem
Senses
eye components and visual pathway
Components
Fibrous Layer
Sclera- helps give shape and protection
Cornea- allows light into the eye
Vascular layer- Choroid
Deep to sclera; pigments absorbs light to prevent scattering; helps give clear vision; continuous with ciliary body
Inner Layer- Retina
axons from the photo receptors will come together to form the optic nerve
Pathway
Location in eye to brain .Cornea > Lens > Retina > Optic Nerve > Optic Chiasm > Optic Tract > Mid Brain > Thalamus > Primary Visual Cortex (located in occipital lobe)
Olfaction Component and pathway
Components
Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory sensory neurons
Olfactory tract
Pathway
Location in roof of nasal cavity yo brain. Olfactory sensory neurons > Olfactory bulb > Olfactory Tract > Limbic Region or Primary olfactory cortex (located in temporal lobe)
Sense of smell
Types of receptors based on stimulus type
Photoreceptor
Eyes-light
Chemoreceptor
Nose & Tongue- chemical balance in blood
Thermoreceptor
Skin-cold and warm receptors
Baroreceptor
Pressure
Nociceptor
Pain
Mechanoreceptor
Touch, pressue, vibration, and stretch
Gustation components and pathway
Components
Pharynx
Palate
Inner cheeks
Epiglottis
Tongue
Pathway
Location in tongue to brain. Taste buds with receptors > Three Cranial Nerves > medulla oblongata > thalamus > primary gustatory cortex
3 Crainial Nerves.
Facial Nerve VII
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
Vagus Nerve X
sense of taste
Types of receptors based on stimulus origin
Interoceptors
Internal Organ
Proprioceptors
In muscle, tendons, ligaments and joints
Exteroceptors
In our environment (skin & special senses)
Special senses - sight, hearing, tatste, olfaction and equilibrium
Ear components and pathway
Components
Middle Ear
this is a small space inside the petrous part of the temporal bone
Auditory Ossicles
Internal Ear
consist of 2 divisions---1) Bony Labyrinth and 2)Membranous labyrinth
External ear
Auricle
External acoustic meatus
Pathway
Location nerve impulses to the brain. Tympanic membrane vibrates and transmits > middle ear > auditory ossicles > transmit vibrations > Cochlea (fluid-filled) > cochlear nerve and vestibular nerve > Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII > cochlear nerve > medulla oblongata > pons > midbrain > thalamus > primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
Nervous System Organization
Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)structures and functions
Structure
Crainal and Spinal nerves, and ganglia
Function
Gather sensory information from all the receptors and pass them on to the CNS
Somatic division
Somatic Motor
mainly in skin body wall, skeletal muscle
Somatic Sensory
consist of special senses such as hearing, vision and equilibruim
Central Nervous System (CNS) main structures and functions
Structure
Brain and Spinal Cord
Function
Receiving information, processing information, and responding to sensory input
Autonomic division
Autonomic Motor
mainly ventral body cavity contents also consists of cardiac muscle, various glands, arrector pilli muscle, smooth muscle of the blood vessels, nd sweat glands
Autonomic (visceral) Sensory
Mainly ventral cavity except muscles because they do not send messages they only receive
Anatomy of Nervous System
Nerve - collection of axons in the PNS
Nerve Componets
Fascicle
group of axons
Epineurium
tough fibrous sheath that surrounds the whole nerve
Blood Vessels
nourish the axon and Schwann cells
Endoneurium
loose connective tissue that surrounds axon
Myelin sheath
insulating coating around some axons
Perineurium
fibrous connective tissue that wraps each fascicle
Axon
surround by Schwann cells
Glial Cells
Located in CNS
Microglia
Destroys invading microbes
Ependymal cells
Helps create cerebrospinal fluid
Astrocytes
Most Abundant; They support the neurons to maintain proper chemical environment
Located in PNS
Satellite Cells
found in ganglia; supports the neuron cell bodies and regulates what goes in and out
Oligodendrocytes
creates myelin sheath
Schwann Cells
only wrap one pieces of one axon BUT wraps around multiple times
Myelination
Covers mostly lipid and some protein around some axons
Insulates the axon that carries electrical signal and to help the signal travel faster
Neurons- a nerve cell
Structural Types
Bipolar neurons
Two process extend from one cell body. One is the dendrite and the other is the axon
Unipolar neurons
One process extends from the cell body and forms central and peripheral process that will come together and make an axon
Multipolar neurons
More than one process extend from the cell body; many dendrites with a single axon
Functional Types
Sensory/afferent neurons
Structure is unipolar..Function is to bring signal to the CNS from sensory receptors in the PNS
Interneurons
Structure is multipolar..Function lies between motor and sensory neurons; make u majority of the neurons in the body
Motor/ efferent neurons
Structure is multipolar..Function is to take signal away from CNS to muscles or glands
Major components
Axon Hillock
cone shaped region from the cell body
Axon Collaterals
branching from the main axon
Axon
impulse generators and conductors that transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body
Cell Body
single nucleus surround by cytoplasm
Chromatophilic substance
outside the nucleus; dense region of endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes
Dendrites
process that branch from the cell body
Nucleus
control center of the cell body