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Anna Kovalchuk Nervous System (senses (receptor stimulus type…
Anna Kovalchuk Nervous System
senses
receptors stimulus origin
exteroceptors
sensitive to outside stimuli
touch
pressure
pain
temperature
located skin and special senses
interoceptors
origin is internal organs
digestive tube
bladder
lungs
makes us feel
pain
nausea
hunger
fullness
proprioceptors
origin is in muscles
skeletal muscles
tendons
joints
ligaments
monitor degree of stretch
send input on body movement
receptor stimulus type
mechanoreceptors
Baroreceptor
measures blood pressure
responds to mechanical forces
touch
pressure
stretch
vibrations
thermoreceptors
responds to temp changes
chemoreceptors
sensitive to chemicals
in air
salavia
blood
calcium
potassium
oxygen
photoreceptors
sensitive to light
nociceptors
respond to pain
eye components and visual pathways
Fibrous layer(external)
sclera
white of eye
gives shape
protects
dense c.t.
anchor for muscle
cornea
clear
allows light into eye
focuses light on retina
avascular
vascular layer(middle coat of eyeball)
choroid
continuous with ciliary body
nourishes other layer
deeply pigmented
absorbs light, prevents scattering
ciliary body
thickened ring of tissues
ciliary muscle
smooth muscle
iris
between cornea and lens
visible colored part of the eye
pupile
central opening
visual pathways
retina
optic nerve
optic chiasma
optic tract
midbrain
thalamus
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inner layer
retina
thin pigmented layer
to absorb light and prevent from scattering
thick neural layer
has light sensitive photoreceptors
3 types of neurons
photorecpetors
bipolar cells
ganglion cells
optic nerve
runs from eye to brain
olfaction
components
olfactory epithelium
covers superior nasal concha
superior nasal septum
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
oldfactory sensory neurons
pathways
old factory tract
limbic system
old factory receptors
olfactory sensory neuron
gustation
pathways
taste information occurs in 3 cranial nerves
facial nerve(VII)
anterior 2/3rds of tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve(IX)
tongues posterior third
vagus nerve (X)
epiglottis
lower pharynx
components
taste buds
pharynx
mouth
papillae
peg like projections
regrowth 7-10 days
two major cell types
gustatory epithelial cells
gustatory hairs protect
basal epithelial cells
ear
components
external
auricle
shell shaped projecton
external acoustic meatus
auricle to ear drum
middle ear
pharyngotympanic tube
links middle ear to pharynyx
inner ear
bony labyrinth
cavity petrous part of temporal bone
membranous labyrinth
semicircular ducts
sensory receptors for turning of head
utricle/saddle
moniters position and acceleration of head
cochlear duct
receptors for hearing
pathways
tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles
cochlea
nervous system organization
CNS
structures
brain
spinal chord
functions
receives
processes incoming signals
dictates motor responses
command center
PNS
function
sensitive to stimulo
send info towards CNS
structure
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
Ganglia
cluster or group of neuron cell bodies
somatic division
contraction of skeletal system in the body
often called voluntary nervous system
part of the PNS
autonomic division
regulates contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle
controls functions of visceral organs
also called involuntary nervous system
anatomy of nervous system
nerve components
axon is surrounded by schwann cells
endoneurium
covers the schwann cell
fascicles
groups of axons bound into bundles
perineurium
epineurium
tough fibrous sheath that wraps around whole nerve
glial cells
located in CNS and PNS
supportive scaffolding for neurons
insulate the neurons and keep electrical activities adjacent
neurons
major components
cell body
consist of a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
nucleus
nucleolus
chromatophilic substance
renew membranes of the cells and protein components
dendrites
function as receptive sights
axon hillock
cone shaped region of the cell
axon
transmit nerve impulses away from cell body
axon collaterals
extend the axon
branches off main one
terminal arborization
multiple branching at the end of nerve fiber
terminal butons
knobs at the end of the branches
axon terminals
structural types
multipolar neurons
must have two or more processes
usually have numerous dendrites and single axon
bipolar neurons
two processes that extend from opposite sides
very rare but can occur in special sensory organs
unipolar neurons
have short single processes
emerge from cell body
most start off as bipolar neurons
are found in sensory ganglia in PNS
functional types
sensory
make up sensory division
transmit impulses toward CNS from PNS
most are pseudounipolar
motor
make up motor division of PNS
carry impulses away from CNS to effector organs
interneurons
lie between motor and sensory neurons
multipolar neurons
CNS bound