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Senses, nervous system organization, anatomy of nervous system, and neurons

- - - - Fibrous layer
        
        Sclera- white part; provides shape, protective, anchor for extrinsic eye muscle
        
        Cornea- transparent; allows/focuses light
      - Vascular layer
        
        Choroid; nourishes layers, pigment absorbs light, prevents scattering, continuous w/lens
      - Inner layer
        
        Retina; photoreceptors
        
        Rods- most abundant: sensitive to dark/light
        
        Cones- color vision: best in bright light
        
        Lens; important in focus light on the retina (surrounded by ciliary body)
        
        Iris- anterior to lens, posterior to cornea; colored part of eye, used for dilation or constriction of pupil
    - - Receive stimulur
      - Light passes through cornea
        
        Iris to pupil/aperture
      - From cornea to lens
      - From lens to Retina
      - From retina to optic nerve (cranial nerve 2)
      - from optic nerve to optic chiasm
      - From optic chiasm to optic tract
      - From optic tract to midbrain
      - From midbrain to thalamus
      - From thalamus to primary visual cortex
  - - - Epithelial tissue- pseudostratified columnar
      - Olfactory sensory neurons- surrounded by columnar cells
        
        Contain apical dendrites and olfactory cilia
        
        Filaments of the olfactory nerve: bundles of axons
        
        Olfactory Bulb
        
        Mitral cells
        
        Glomeruli
      - Columnar cells- supporting sensory neurons
      - Olfactory stem cells- lie at base of epithelium
    - - Epithelial tissue contains olfactory sensory neurons
      - Smell passes from sensory neurons through ethmoid bone through the cribriform foramina
      - Then passes to olfactory bulb
      - From olfactory bulb to olfactory tract
      - Olfactory Tract
        
        Limbic Region (emotional memory)
        
        Primary olfactory cortex (temporal lobe)
  - - - Two Major Cell Types
        
        Gustatory Epithelial Cells; contain gustatory hairs that extend through a taste pore
        
        Basal Epithelial Cells
    - - Fungiform Papillae- scattered over the entire surface of the tongue
      - Vallate Papillae- arranged in V shape at back of tongue
      - Foliate Papilla- posterolateral surface of tongue (side walls)
    - - Taste info reaches brain stem/ cerebral cortex through gustatory pathway
        
        Facial Nerve (VII)- transmits impulses through taste receptors to anterior 2/3 of tongue
        
        Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)- from tongue's posterior third & a few buds in pharynx
        
        Vagus Nerve (X)- from few taste buds on the epiglottis & lower pharynx
  - - - From cochlear nerve
      - To Medullo Oblongata
      - Then Pons
      - From pons to midbrain
      - After, Thalamus
      - Finally, to primary auditory cortex (Temporal Lobe)
- - - - Astrocyte- most abundant; processes contract (axons & capillaries), supportive, maintain proper chemical environ.
      - Microglia- Phagocyte, destroys invading microbes & damaged/dying nervous tissue
      - Ependymal Cells- simple columnar/cuboidal epithelium, contain cilia & microvilli
      - Oligodendrocytes- creation of myelin sheath
    - - Satellite Cells- help regulate what goes in/out of neuron cell bodies
      - Schwann Cells- creation of myelin sheath in PNS