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Nervous System (Senses (Stimulus Type (Temperature (Thermoreceptor), Light…

- - - - External stimulus to skin or special sense
    - - Stimulus provided by internal organs
    - - Stimulus from muscles, tendons, ligaments or joints
  - - - Thermoreceptor
    - - Photoreceptor
    - - Chemoreceptor
        
        May be chemicals in air, food via saliva, blood, etc.
    - - Nociceptor
    - - Mechanoreceptor
        
        May be pressure, touch, vibration, stretching, etc.
    - - Baroreceptor
  - - - Fibrous layer
        
        Sclera
        
        Dense connective tissue
        
        Protective anchor for muscles
        
        Structure for shape of eye
        
        Cornea
        
        Transparent
        
        Helps to focus light
      - Vascular layer
        
        Choroid
        
        Vascular, nourishes other layers
        
        Continuous with ciliary body
        
        Ciliary body
        
        Muscle
        
        Changes the shape of the lens
        
        Distance vision
      - Inner (Neural) layer
        
        Retina
        
        Photoreceptors
        
        Axons converge to form optic nerve
      - Lens
        
        Attached to ciliary bodies by ligaments
      - Iris
        
        Anterior to lens
        
        Sphincter muscle
      - Optic Disc
        
        Blind spot due to the convergence of axons
      - Macula lutea
        
        Directly posterior to pupil
        
        Precise posterior pole
      - Fovea centralis
        
        Center of the macula lutea
        
        Location of clearest vision
    - - Anterior to posterior eye
        
        Cornea
        
        Pupil
        
        Lens
        
        Posterior segment
        
        Retina
      - From posterior eye to brain
        
        Optic nerve
        
        Optic chiasma
        
        Optic tract
        
        Midbrain
        
        Thalamus
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Olfactory epithelium
        
        Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
      - Cribriform Plate / Foramina
        
        Allow innervation of olfactory epithelium
      - Olfactory sensory neurons
        
        Detect and relay stimulus
    - - Olfactory epithelial receptors
        
        Olfactory sensory neuron
        
        Olfactory tract
        
        Limbic system
        
        Primary olfactory cortex
        
        Located in temporal lobe
        
        Involved in memories and emotions
        
        In olfactory bulb
  - - - Gustatory epithelial cells
      - Taste buds
        
        Composed of 50 – 100 gustatory epithelial cells
        
        Located on tongue, inner cheeks, posterior wall of pharynx, epiglottis
      - Cranial nerves
        
        Facial nerve (VII)
        
        Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
        
        Vagus nerve (X)
    - - Gustatory epithelial cell exteroceptor
        
        Activation of gustatory sensory neuron
        
        Convergence at the Facial, Glossopharyngeal, or Vagus cranial nerve
        
        Medulla oblongata
        
        Thalamus
        
        Gustatory cortex in insula
  - - - Auricle
        
        External ear
        
        Draws/amplifies sound waves
      - External acoustic meatus
        
        Canal for sound
      - Tympanic membrane
        
        Border between outer and inner ear
        
        Transduces sound waves
      - Auditory ossicles
        
        Small bones in inner ear
      - Cochlea
        
        Filled with liquid
      - Cochlear nerve
      - Internal acoustic meatus
    - - Auricle
        
        External acoustic meatus
        
        Tympanic membrane
        
        Auditory ossicles
        
        Cochlear receptor epithelium
        
        Vestibulocochlear nerve
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Brain
      - Spinal Cord
    - - Receive incoming signals
      - Process incoming signals
      - Respond to signals
  - - - Cranial nerves attached to brain
      - Spinal nerves attached to spine
      - Ganglia
        
        Neuron cell bodies of the PNS
    - - Receive and be sensitive to stimuli
      - Relay information to central nervous system
  - - - Output to skeletal muscle
    - - Input from integument, skeletal muscle, joints, limbs
      - Input from special senses
        
        Visual
        
        Auditory
        
        Touch modalities
  - - - Ventral body cavity
      - Smooth muscle targets
      - Glands
      - Digestive system
      - Parts of urinary system
      - Parts of pulmonary system
      - Reproductive system
      - Cardiovascular system
      - Integumentary system
      - Blood vessel walls
    - - Input from ventral body cavity contents
      - Taste/gustation special sense
      - Smell/olfaction special sense
- - - - Free Ribosomes
      - Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
      - Renews plasma membrane and proteins in cytosol
    - - Processes which receive stimulus
    - - Point of aggregation of a stimulus
      - In neuron cell body
    - - Larger split of axon
    - - Heavy branching of axon at end
    - - End of axon
      - Point of neurotransmitter transmission
  - - - Classic idea of a neuron
      - Many dendrites from a cell body
      - Axon leaving cell body toward target
    - - Two processes from cell body
      - One dendrite
      - One axon
    - - Single process from cell body
      - Single process attaches to axon
  - - - Multipolar structurally
      - Cell body central nervous system
      - Axon to muscle or glands in peripheral nervous system
    - - Special senses
        
        Bipolar
        
        Cell bodies located in ganglia of PNS
      - Non special senses
        
        Unipolar
        
        Cell bodies located in ganglia of PNS
    - - Multipolar
      - Most numerous functional neuron cell type in body
      - Make up >99% of neurons
- - - - Part of neuron which carries signal
      - May be myelinated or non-myelinated
    - - Loose connective tissue
      - Surrounds each individual axon
    - - A bundle of axons in endoneurium
      - Many axons grouped together
    - - Fibrous connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
    - - Many fascicles bundled together
      - Surrounded by epineurium
  - - - Astrocyte
        
        Most numerous glial cell
        
        Has many processes to contact neurons and capillaries
        
        Supports neurons
        
        Maintains chemical environment
      - Microglia
        
        Phagocyte
        
        Removes microbes
        
        Removes damaged nerve tissue
      - Ependymal
        
        Cuboidal/columnar epithelium
        
        Ciliated facing lumen to circulate CSF
        
        Microvilli on basal side
        
        Lines cavities containing CSF
      - Oligodendrocytes
        
        Stretch plasma membrane to wrap myelinate many axons simultaneously
    - - Satellite
        
        Attached to neuron cell bodies in ganglia
        
        Supports neurons
        
        Regulates what is endocytosed and exocytosed from neuron cell body
      - Schwann cells
        
        Use plasma membrane to wrap and myelinate axons
        
        Wrap around a single axon