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Disaster Management (Natural Disasters in India (Tropical Cyclones…
Disaster Management
Natural Disasters in India
Earthquakes
Indian Plate is moving at speed of 1 cm / yr towards N & NE —> thus movt of plate is constantly obstructed by Eurasian plate from north
—>
Result
: both plates are locked with each other resulting in accu of energy at diff points of time —> results in building up of stress —> ultimately lead to breaking up of lock & sudden release of Energy along ∆H
Socio-Economic consequences
Damages settlements, infra, transport, comm net
Robs people of material & socio-cultural gains ; Renders homeless ; extra pressure on economy
Surface seismic waves produces fissures —> water & other volatile mat gushes out
inundating neighboring areas
EQ mitigation
Estd EQ monitoring centres (seismological centres) for ( regular monitoring + fast dissemination of info ) among people in vulnerable areas. Use GPS to monitor movt of tectonic plates
Preparing Vulnerability Map of country ; Dissemination of Vulnerability Risk Info among people + educating ways to minimise adverse impacts of disasters
Modifying house types & building designs in vulnerable areas . (discourage high rise buildings in such areas )
Madatory to adopt EQ-resistant designs using light materials in major construction
Tsunami
EQ & Volcanic Eruptions cause sea-floor to move abruptly —> sudden displacement of Ocean water in form of high vertical waves
Speed of wave more in shallow water —> Impact of Tsunami ( Coast > Ocean ) -
In Deeper waters, difficult to detect tsunami —> long λ & limited wave-ht, but On shallow water, λ of wave decreases ( T same) —> increases wave-ht, Hence also called Shallow Water Waves
Mitigation
International and collaborative efforts needed
Early Warning Systems
- India joined International Tsunami Warning System after 2004
India's Tsunami Warning System at Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad
24*7 EWS in place since 2007 which is capable of giving early warning within 10 mins of occurrence of EQ anywhere in IOR
The time it takes for Tsunami to reach to Indian Mainland is around 2 hours so EWS of 10 mins can be helpful in evacuating people from the coast
3D GIS mapping of vulnerable coastal areas is under development
Standard Operating Procedure in place to deal with Tsunami when an EW is issued
2010 NDMA guidelines emphasized on advanced systems like Topography, GIS database and remote sensing data
Landslides
Rapid sliding of large mass of bedrocks
in general, far less dramatic but severe economic, ecological impact
highly localised factors, thus difficult to generalize behavior
Landslide vulnerability zones
are based on past experiences and certain causal relationships with controlling factors such as geology, geomorphic agents, slope, land-use, vegetation cover
Landslide vulnerability zones
Very High
Highly unstable, relatively young mtn areas in ∆H & A&N, high RF areas in W.Ghats & NE EQ prone areas
High
Same as above ; Diff = combo , intensity & freq of controlling factors
Moderate to low
Less RF areas like Trans-himalayan areas of Ladakh & Spiti, undulated & stable relief & low ppt areas in Aravali, Rain shadow areas in W & E Ghats
Other Areas
States like Rajasthan, Haryana, UP, Bihar can be called safe against landslides
Consequences of Landslides
Localised and small area of influence but roadblock, destruction of railway lines and channel blocking due to rock falls results in large losses to economy and life
ecological loss
diversion of river courses also possible and might result into floods
makes spatial interaction risky and difficult
Mitigation
Adopt area specific measures
Restrict Construction & other deve activites such as roads & dams in HVZ + afforestation
Tropical Cyclones
Intense Low-P ( 30ºN - 30ºS ) ; Horizontally : 500-1000 km ; Vertically from surface : 12-14 km
Tropical cyclone energised by
Release of Latent Heat
( due to condensation of moisture gathered by moving wind over oceans )
Since energy of Tropical Cyclone comes from latent heat released by warm air —> hence force of cyclone dec with inc distance from sea
Often cyclones with winds of 180km/hr cause abnormal rise in sea level known as "
Storm surge
"
Basic Reqs for formation of Tropical Cyclone
Large continuous supply of warm air that can release enormous latent heat
Strong Coriolis force , prevent filling of low pressure
Unstable condition through Tropos—> create local disturbances
Absence of Strong vertical winf wedge, which disturbs vertical transport of latent heat
Why does BoB experience more cyclones than Arabian Sea
Relatively colder waters of Arabian Sea
- not conducive for formation and intensification of cyclones
Eastern coast recieves cyclones formed near A & N islands and Pacific where frequency of typhoons is quite high whereas the Western coast only witnesses cyclones that originate locally or in Indian Ocean near SL
West coast receives lesser rainfall than east coast
Western Ghats obstruct cylones whereas low lying plains of Eastern Coast don't
Mitigation
cyclone forecasting, tracking and warning systems
construction of cyclone shelters, cyclone resistant buildings
mock drills and training of local population and police by NDRF and SDRF
Plantations of strong rooted trees such as canopies, mangroves along coastline which can act as first line of defence
proper drainage system so as to mitigate flooding situation
Implementation of National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project
Advice through Social Media to spread awareness during the disaster
Classification of Cyclones
Depression
31-50 km/hr
Deep Depression
51-62 km/hr
Cyclone Storm
63-88 km/hr
Severe Cyclonic storm
89-117 km/hr
Very Severe Cylonic Storm
118-165 km/hr
Extremely severe
166-220 km/hr
Super Cyclone >
=221 km/hr.
International Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies
Yokohama Strategy
(1994)
Each country has sovereign resp to protect citizens from natural disasters
Priority attention to developing countries
Develop & strengthen national capacities & capabilities ; National Legislation for DIsaster prevention ; includ mobilisation of NGO’s
Human & insti capacity building & strengthening
technology sharing : collection, dissemination, utilisation of info
mobilisation of resources
Hyogo Framework for action (2005-15)
5 priorities for action
Making disaster risk reduction a priority
Improving risk information and early warning
Building a culture of safety and resilience
Reducing the risks in key sectors
Strengthening preparedness for response
3 strategic goals
Integration of disaster risk reduction into sustainable development policies and planning
Development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities to build resilience to hazards
Systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into implementation of emergency preparedness, response and recovery
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction ( 2015-30
)
International Treaty that was approved by UN member states in March 2015 at Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Sendai, Japan
voluntary
and
non-binding treaty
which recognizes that UN member State has primary role to reduce disaster risk
calls for sharing the responsibility with other stakeholders including local government, the private sector and other stakeholders
4 priorities
Understanding disaster risk
Strengthening disaster risk governance
Investing in disaster risk to build resilience
Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery, construction and rehabilitation
7 global Targets
Reduce
Mortality due to Disasters (2020-30 average << 2005-15 average)
Affected people due to disasters
Economic loss/ global GDP ratio (2030 ratio << 2015 ratio)
Damage to infrastructure and disruption of network systems
Increase
Countries with national and local DRR strategies (2020 value >> 2015 value)
International Cooperation to developing countries
Availability and Access to Early Warning Hazard Systems
Institutions related to Disaster Management
NDMA
Agency of MHA with primary purpose to coordinate response to natural or man-made disasters and for capacity building and disaster resiliency
Established through Disaster Management Act, 2005
Chairman- PM
Functions
Lay down policies on Disaster Management
To ensure that SDMAs are equipped with know how and expertise
Approve the National Plan on DM
Recommend provision of funds for purpose of Disaster Mitigation
Disaster Mitigation and Management Strategies in India and related issues
Issues with DM Strategies
We are way behind in forecasting disasters
Even now, after 2013 Kedarnath floods, Uttarakhand still has few if any Doppler radars to provide early alerts about cloudbursts
Only a handful of states have Emergency Action Plans for over 5000 dams in India
NDRF faces shortage of trained manpower, training, infrastructure, equipment
We need to revise norms for disaster relief as current norms don't differentiate between states, when there is considerable differences in costs of labour and constructions
Rethinking Disaster Management
Need for a proactive rather than a reactive approach to DM
Need for reconstruction efforts which must involve rebuilding in a better way, climate proofing
Relocation- People need to relocate out of dangerous areas
Tougher Implementation of logging and mining regulations in fragile economies
Collaboration between private and public agencies and corporate giants to set up early warning and forecasting systems
Natural Disasters in India (Ctd.
)
Floods
Water in form of surface run-off exceeds carrying capacity of river channels & streams & flows into low-lying flood plains
Causes
Storm Surge ( Coastal Areas ) + High Intensity RF + Melting of ice & snow + presence of eroded material in water due to higher rate of soil erosion
Deforestation + Unscientific Agri methods + Disturbance along natural drainage channels + colonisation of flood plains
Consequences
Destroying human settlement + crops + infra = Economy suffers + homeless
Water-borne diseases : cholera + gastro-entiritis + hepatitis
Mitigation
While dams can control floods, they need proper management
Afforestation
Flood protection embankments
Remove excessive construction from flood plains
Droughts
Period when shortage of water availability due to inadeq ppt,
excessive rate of evapo, & over-utilisation of water from reservoirs
Types
Meteorological Drought-
Prolonged period of inadeq & mal-distri RF
Agro Drought
: Soil Moisture Drought necessary for supporting crops resulting in crop failures
Hydro Draught
: Avail of water in diff storages & reservoirs like aquifers, lakes,reservoirs fall below what ppt can replenish
Ecological Drought
: Prod of natural ecosystem fails due to shortage of water —> damages induced in eco-system
Suffer due to drought : 19% of T.A. & 12% of T.P. every year
Consequences
Crop Failure —> leading to Shortage of food grains (akal) + fodder (trinkal) + inadeq RF (jalkal) = all 3 (trikal)
Large scale death of cattle —> migration of human & livestocks
Water borne diseases
Mitigation
Provision for distri of safe drinkng water + medicines for victims + availability of fodder & water
Id of ground water pot in form of aquifers + transfer of river water + inter-linking of rivers + remote sensing & satellite imaging
Dissemination of info about drought-resistant crops
Rainwater Harvesting
Forest Fires
Causes
Natural causes such as lighting and high atmospheric temperatures and low humidity
Manmade causes such as proximity of human habitations to forests and shifting cultivation
Most forests in India are tropical dry category
Lack of a no-fire forest policy
Approches used to fight forest fires and their lacunae
Spaying of fire retardents through helicopters and aeroplanes is highly expensive and not usually practiced in India
Creating a fire line by clearing out all vegetation in that portion to contain fire, destroys the complete fauna and flora of the region within to ashes
Mitigation
Increasing number of fire-fighters to vulnerable regions and equip them with drinking water and food
Need for seasonal labour contracts and volunteering
Adopting safer practices in areas near forests in industries and oil fields
Use of social media/internet to disseminate awareness and information about forest fires
Dissemination of knowledge to villagers residing near forests
