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Nervous System (Senses (Receptors: detect stimuli …

- - - - Chemoreceptor
        
        Chemical change in solution and changes in blood chemistry
      - Photoreceptor
        
        Responds to light
      - Thermoreceptor
        
        Temperature changes
      - Nocireceptor
        
        -respond to harmful stimuli that result in pain.
      - Mechanoreceptor
        
        -touch, pressure, stretch, vibrations, and even blood pressure detected by t he BARORECEPTOR.
    - - Interocepters
        
        Sensitive to stimuli from visceral organs. Ex: Changes in chemical concentration.
      - Proprioceptors
        
        Located in the musculoskeletal organs. They send inputs on body movement to the CNS.
      - Exterocepters
        
        Sensitive to stimuli outside the body. Ex: touch, pain, pressure, pain in skin.
  - - - Inner layer
        
        Optic nerve
        
        nerve that runs from eye to brain
        
        retina
        
        Made of the outer pigmented layer and inner neural layer, it helps to absorb light and detect light with its photoreceptors.
      - Vascular layer
        
        choroid
        
        highly vascular and pigmented membrane that helps nourish other parts in the eye
        
        iris
        
        colored part of the eye which has the pupil- a hole that allows light in.
        
        Ciliary body
        
        ring of thick tissue that encircles the lens
      - Fibrous layer
        
        Cornea
        
        transparent layer through which light enters the eye.
        
        Sclera
        
        white layer that protects the eyeball and provides it with shape.
      - lens
        
        thick transparent disc that changes shape to allow focusing of light on retina
      - Segments
        
        Anterior
        
        Anterior chamber
        
        between cornea and iris. contains aqueous humor that helps nourish the avascular lens and cornea.
        
        Posterior chamber
        
        between iris and lens
        
        Posterior
        
        Filled with vitreous humor. Transmits light, helps support the neural layer and helps maintain pressure
    - - Cornea>Lens>Retina>Optic nerve>Optic chiasm> Optic tract> Midbrain>Thalamus>Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
  - - - Roof of nasal cavity(olfactory sensory neurons)> Through Cribiform foramina> Olfactory bulb> Olfactory tract> Limbic region and primary olfactory cortex
  - - - Taste buds> 3 cranial nerves ( Facial, Glossopharngyeal, Vagus)> Medulla oblungata>Thalamus> Primary gustatory cortex in insula lobe
  - - - Outer ear(auricle) > External acoustic meatus> Ear drum> Middle ear> cochlea> Cochlear nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve> medulla oblungata> pons> midbrain>thalamus> primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe
- - - - carry signals away from the cell body. Some axons are covered in myelin sheath. A bundle of axons make a fascicle
    - - Endoneurium
        
        loose connective tissue that covers each axon
      - perineurium
        
        fibrous connective tissue that covers fascicles
      - epineurium
        
        tough fibrous connective tissue that covers the entire nerve
  - - - Astrocytes- most abundant cells that help to maintain a proper chemical environment. Their processes attach to axons and capillaries.
      - Microglia- smallest glial cells that act as phagocytes.
      - Ependymal cells- simple cuboidal epithelium that have cilia and microvilli. They help circulate the cerebrospinal fluids.
      - Oligodendrocytes- wrap their cell process around axons and produce myelin sheaths.
    - - Satellite cells- surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia. they help regulate what goes in and out of the cell body.
      - Schwann cells- only wraps one axon and maybe even multiple times. They create the myelin sheaths.
- - - - Brain
      - Spinal cord
  - - - Divisions
        
        Afferent division
        
        Visceral sensory
        
        Specific: Gustation, olfaction
        
        General: stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes and irritation in viscera.
        
        Somatic sensory
        
        General: Temperature, pressure, pain, touch in skin, body walls and limbs.
        
        Special: Equilibrium, vision, hearing
        
        Efferent division
        
        Somatic nervous system
        
        motor innervations of all skeletal muscles
        
        Autonomic nervous system
        
        motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.