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Nervous System (General Anatomy (Structure of a typical nerve (Fascicle…

- - - - Bundle of axons
    - - Fibrous connective tissue, surrounds each fascicle
    - - Loose connective tissue
    - - Bundle of axon fascicles
    - - insulation that covers some axons
    - - tough, Fibrous connective tissue, surrounds the nerve
    - - Part of neuron that carries a signal
    - - is a single nerve cell
  - - - Microglia
        
        Phagocytes
        
        remove microbes and damaged nerve tissue
      - Epensymal cell
        
        Lining spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid- ventricles
        
        cillia keeps cerebrospinal fluid moving
        
        Simple cuboidal to simple columnar shaped epithelium
        
        protects brain
      - Astrocytes
        
        MAny processes that contact neurons and capillaries
        
        supports neuron
        
        Most numerous
        
        helps maintain proper chemical environment
      - Myelination-Oligodendrocytes
        
        wrap their plasma membrane around one portion of several axon
        
        combination of denrocytes
    - - Myelination
        
        insulates axons
        
        allows signals to travel faster
        
        A combination of lipid and some protein
        
        not continuous
        
        have myelin sheath gaps or rods of ronvier
      - Schwann cells
        
        responsible for making myelin sheath
        
        wrap plasma membrane around one portion of one axon
        
        Supportive
      - Satellite cells
        
        Structurally supportive
        
        Regulates exchange of materials in and out of neuron cell body
  - - - a group/ cluster of neuron cell bodies
    - - collection of axons
  - - - a group/cluster of neuon cell bodies
    - - collection of axons
  - - - cortex
    - - neuron sell bodies-nuclei
- - - - Integration: Brain and spinal cord
        
        Motor output (efferent): is a muscle or a gland Also is away from the CNS
  - - - Brain
      - Spinal cord
    - - respond
      - process incoming signals
      - receive
  - - - Spinal nerves (attatched to the spinal cord)
      - Ganglia (cluster of neuron ell bodies)
      - Cranial nerves (attatched to the brain)
    - - send the stimuli information to CNS
      - Sensitive to stimuli
  - - - mainly contents of ventral body cavity
        
        Smooth muscle
        
        Urinary system
        
        Reproductive system
        
        Cardiac muscle
        
        skin/ arrector pili muscle
        
        Respiratory system
        
        sweat glands
        
        Digestive system
        
        glands
        
        blood vessels walls
        
        cardiac muscle
    - - input from skin, skeletal muscle, joints, and limbs
        
        Special
        
        Vision
        
        Equilibrium
        
        Hearing
        
        General
        
        pain
        
        pressure
        
        touch
        
        temperature
    - - output to skeletal muscle
    - - input from ventral body cavity contents
        
        general
        
        pain
        
        hunger
        
        stretch
        
        nausea
        
        special
        
        Smell
        
        Taste
- - - - Structure
        
        Clusters of free ribosomes and rough E.R
      - Function
        
        renews the plasma membrane and proteins within the cytosol
    - - receiving part of the neuron that receivs messages
    - - nucleolus is within nucleus , it produces ribosomes
    - - can be a receiver of messages
    - - dirrection of a signal along the body, messages pass through
    - - another branch of axon from an axon
  - - - has two processes from cell body, in special senses
    - - Has one processee from the cell body
    - - Has many dendrites
  - - - cell bodies located in ganglia of the PNS
      - bipolar in special sensory
      - are unipolar (majority of general senses)
    - - Structurally multipolar
      - 99.98% of all neurons in our body
      - Between neurons in CNS
    - - always multipolar
      - cell bodies in CNS travel to muscle and glands
- - - - Are found in Epithelial tactile complexes, Ex. Hair follicle receptor
    - - like bulbous corpuscle, Lamellaer corpuscle, Tactile corpuscle
    - - Interoceptors
        
        Stimulus is deeper within us
        
        internal organs (stomach stretching)
      - Proprioceptors
        
        stimulus origin is muscles
        
        including tendons, ligaments, and joint
        
        ( we know were those body parts are "we own them" )
      - Exteroceptors
        
        Stimulus comes from environment
        
        Smell, taste
    - - Chemoreceptor
        
        sensitive to chemicals, in air, saliva, and in blood
      - Nociceptor
        
        sensitive to pain and danger (noxious)
      - Photoreceptor
        
        sensitive to light
      - Mechanoreceptor
        
        sensitive to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
        
        Baroreceptor
        
        Measures blood preasure
      - Thermoreceptor
        
        cold and war, sensitive to temperature
    - - General senses
        
        wide spread, free nerve endings
      - Special senses
        
        localized receptors (head regeon), specilized receptors
    - - Fibrous layer
        
        Sclera
        
        Dense regular connective tissue
        
        Protective
        
        White
        
        muscle anchor for extrinsic eye muscle
        
        Gives shape
        
        Cornea
        
        allows light into the eye
        
        involved in focusing light on retina
        
        clear
      - Vascular layer- choroid
        
        nourishes the other layers
        
        Deeply pigminted
        
        very vascular layer
        
        Absorbs light/ prevents scattering
        
        choroid continuous with ciliary body muscle
        
        ciliary body muscle changes the shape of the lens
      - Inner layer-retina
        
        neuro layer
        
        photoreceptors
        
        axos converge to form optic nerve
      - compare
        
        Rods
        
        there are many of them
        
        Sensitive o light
        
        Black and white (allows us to see in dim)
        
        Cones
        
        Fewer
        
        allows to see color
        
        best in bright light
      - Lens and Iris
        
        Lens
        
        Location
        
        Is posterior to the iris
        
        Function
        
        Focuses light on retina
        
        Iris
        
        Function
        
        it can dialate or contract (depending on the light)
        
        Structure
        
        Smooth muscle
        
        is the color of the eye
        
        intrinic muscle
        
        Sphincter muscle
      - Optic disc/ mcula/ fovea centralis
        
        Macula lutea
        
        Precise posterior pole
        
        opposite to pupil
        
        clearest vision
        
        Fovea centralis
        
        at the center of macula lutea
        
        location of our clearest vision
        
        Optic disc
        
        doesn't have photo receptors
        
        "blind spot"
      - Posterior/anterior cavities
        
        Posterior segment
        
        Largest segment of the eye
        
        behind the lens and ciliary body to optic nerve
        
        Filled with vitreous humor
        
        supports retina and lens
        
        gel like
        
        helps to maintain normal pressure
        
        Anterior segmet
        
        posterior chamber
        
        from iris to posterior segment (iris is not included)
        
        Interior chamber
        
        from iris to cornea
        
        Filled with aqueous humor: nourishes the lens and cornea, and maintains norman intraocular pressure
    - - cornea (focusing)
        
        pupil
        
        lens (focusing)
        
        Posterior segment/ vitreous humor
        
        retina
        
        Optic nerve
        
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      - Brain Stem
        
        pons
        
        medulla oblongata
        
        midbrain
        
        Inspilateral
        
        staying on the same side
        
        Contralateral
        
        going from one side to other
    - - Location
        
        roof of nasal cavity/ cribriform plate and foramina
      - Structure
        
        Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with olfactory sensory neurons
      - olfactory receptors
        
        olfactory sensory neuron within the olfactory bulb (sitting on a cribriform plate)
        
        olfactory tract
        
        limbic system (emotional brain)
        
        Primary olfactory cortex in temporal lobe
    - - Structure
        
        Epithelial cells (gustatory) -make up our taste buds
      - location
        
        inner cheeks
        
        posterior wall od pharynx (throat)
        
        epiglottis
        
        tongue
      - 3 cranial nerves (that transmit taste from the tongue to the brain)
        
        Facial nerve (VII)
        
        Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
        
        Vagus nerve (X)
        
        connected to brain- do not go through spinal cord
      - Path of the nerve impulses
        
        tongue
        
        facial nerve
        
        glossopharyngeal nerve
        
        vagus nerve
        
        medulla oblongata
        
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    - - External ear
        
        auricle
        
        gather soound waves
      - Middle ear
        
        Tympanic membrane
        
        ear drum (border to outer and middle ear)
        
        Auditory ossicles (6)
        
        comtinue transmit vibrations
        
        cochlear nerve
        
        vestibular nerve
        
        go through internal acoustic meatus
        
        vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
        
        cochlea
        
        liquid filled
      - Hearing pathways
        
        cochlear branch of CN (VIII)
        
        medulla oblongata
        
        Pons
        
        midbrain
        
        thalamus
        
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