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nervous system (Senses (The eye components and visual pathway (Fibroid…
nervous system
Senses
The eye components and visual pathway
visual pathway
cornea
lens
retina
optic nerve
optic chiasm(a)
optic tract
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macula latea
definition:
part of the retina exactly opposite of the pupil; where you have the clearest vision
Iris
Anterior part to lens; posterior to cornea.
Colored part of eye; intrinsic muscle & for dilation or construction of pupil.
Lens
Definition:
important on focusing light on the retina.
Anterior part of the eye
Surrounded by the ciliary
Inner layer
Retina
Definition:
photoreceptors- axons from
Photoreceptors
Rods
Most abundant; sensitive to light/dark
Cons
Color vision; best in bright light
Definition:
converge to form the optic nerve
Vascular layer
Definition:
black
Choroid
Nourishes the other layers/tunics.
Pigmented- absorbs light and prevents scattering.
Continous within the ciliary body muscle that changes shape of the lens.
Fibroid layer
Definition:
outermost layer
Sclera
White.
Has dense irregular connective
tissue.
Anchor for extrinsic eye muscles.
Protective.
Give shape.
Cornea
Transparent.
Allows light into eye.
Focuses light.
fovea centralis
definition:
within the macula lutea
Optic disc
definition:
blind spot; no photoreceptors
Olfaction(smell) components and pathway
Components
Pathway
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with olfactory sensory neurons
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
limbic region
definition:
emotional brain
primary olfactory cortext in temporal lobe
The types of receptors based on stimulus origin
interoceptors
stimulus:
origin is internal organs
proprioceptors
stimulus:
origin is muscle & their tendons, ligaments & joints
exteroceptors
stimulus:
origin is our enviorment
skin + special senses; sight, hearing, taste, olfaction/smell, equilibrium
Gustation (taste) components and pathway
pathway
taste buds within receptor cells
3 cranial nerves
medulla oblangata
thalamus
primary gustatory cortex
The types of receptors based on stimulus type
chemoreceptor
stimulus:
chemicals; nose tongue, blood
photoreceptor
stimulus:
light
nocioceptor
stimulus:
pain
thermoreceptor
stimulus:
cold receptors & warmth receptors
mechanoreceptor
baroreceptor
definition:
sensitive to blood pressure
stimulus:
touch, pressure, vibration, stretch
ear components and pathway
components
Tympanic membrane
Auditory ossicles
pathway
vibrates transmits vibrations
middle ear
auditory ossicles
transmits vibrations
cochlea; fluid fill organ
cochlear nerve + vestibular nerve = vestibularcochlear nerve
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nervous system organization
PNS main structures and functions
structure
cranial nerves:
connected to the brain
Spinal nerves:
connected to spinal cord
ganglia:
cluster/group of neuron cell bodies
functions
Gathers sensory information from receptors and it passes to CNS
somatic division
somatic motor
Mainly to skin, body wall, skeletal muscles
Everything except ventrak body cavity contents
somatic sensory
Skin, skeletal muscle, joints + hearing, equilibrium + vision
CNS main structures and functions
structure
Brain
The brain is encased in the skull, and protected by the cranium.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is continuous with the brain and is protected by the vertebrae.
functions
Processes
and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions
It dictates a
Response
to sensory input
Uses Sensory receptors to monitor changes ocurring both inside and outside the body
autonomic division
Autonomic motor
Mainly ventral body cavity contents
Autonomic (visceral) sensory
Mainly ventral body cavity + gustation, olfaction
neurons
structural types of neurons
bipolar
Two processes extend from the cell body; one is fused demdrite; the other is an axon
multipolar
Many process extend from the cell body ; all are dendrites except for a single axon
unipolar (pseudounipolar)
One process extends from cell body and forms central and peripheral processes, which together comprise an axon
functional types of neurons.
sensory- or afferent neurons
make up the sensory division pf the PNS, they transmit impulses
toward
the CNS from the sensory receptors in the PNS
interneurons- or association neurons
lie between motor and sensory neurons. multipolar neurons are confined enterly to the CNS
motor- or efferent neurons
make up the motor division of the PNS. neurons carry impulses
away
from the CNS to efferent organs.
major components of a neuron
synapse
definition:
the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another
nucleus and nucleolus
neuron processes
axons
axon hiliock
Where one axon arises from a cone shaped region of the cell body
axon collaterals
Axon branches
definition:
The long arm that transmits information from the other Neurons.
terminal arborization
Whether an acin remains undivided or has collaterals, it usually branches profusely are it's end
terminal boutons (axon terminals)
Branches end with these they are also called knobs
dendrites
definition:
little branches that extend out from the Neuron that relay information to the cell body.
cell body
chromatophilic substance
A cellular organelle continually renew the membranes of the cell and the protein components of cytosol
Definition:
coordinates information processing tasks
anatomy of nervous system
glial cells, location and brief description
ependymal
description:
form a simple epithelium that lines the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain
location:
in the CNS
microglial
location:
central nervous system
description:
are defensive cells in the CNS and least abundant, elongated cell bodies and many pointed projections
satellite cells
location:
in the PNS
description:
surround cell bodies within ganglia they have a resemblance to the moons or satellites around a planet
astrocytes
description:
star shaped Astrocytes most abundant glial cells of the CNS
location:
Central nervous system
Oligodendrocytes
location:
in the central nervous system
description:
wrap their cell processes around thicker axons in CNS. Have fewer branches than astrocytes
schwann cells
description:
surround all axons in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around many of these axons
location:
in the PNS
nerve components
Spinal cord