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Nervous system (senses (eye components/pathway (eye anatomy (rods- most…

- - - - exteroceptors- stimulus origin is environment, in skin and special senses- sight, hearing, taste, olfaction (smell), equilibrium
      - interoceptors- stimulus origin internal organs
      - proprioceptors- self, in muscles tendons ligaments joints, stretch receptors
    - - mechanoreceptor- touch, pressure, vibration, stretch
      - baroreceptor- blood pressure, arteries
      - nociceptor- pain
      - thermoreceptor- temperature
      - photoreceptor- light
      - chemoreceptor- chemicals- nose, tongue, blood
  - - - cornea
        
        lens
        
        retina
        
        optic nerves- cranial nerve II
        
        optic chasm
        
        optic tract
        
        1 more item...
    - - fibrous layer
        
        sclera- white, DCT, anchor for extrinsic eye muscles, protective, tough, shape
        
        cornea- transparent allowing light in, focus light
      - vascular layer
        
        Nourishes other layers, pigment absorb light, prevents scattering
        
        choroid- continuous with ciliary body, muscle changes shape of lens
      - inner layer
        
        retina- photoreceptors axons converge to form optic nerve
    - - anterior segment- ant chamber cornea to iris, posterior chamber- iris to posterior segment, aqueous humor, nourishes lens and cornea, avascular, intraoccqular pressure
      - posterior segment - lens and ciliary bodies to posterior walls, bubble filled with vitreous humor, transmits light, sports retina and lens, maintain pressure
    - - rods- most abundant
      - cones- color, best in light
      - lens- focuses light on retina
      - iris- anterior to lens posterior to cornea, color part, intrinsic muscle, controls dilation of pupil
      - optic disc- where all axons converge and meet, no photoreceptors, blindspot
      - macula lutea- part of retina, opposite of pupil, clearest vision
      - fovea centralis - inside macula
  - - - roof nasal cavity
        
        ethmoid bones
        
        olfactory build
        
        olfactory tract
        
        limbic system
        
        primary auditory cortex
    - - nostrils
      - ethmoid
      - nasal cavity
      - olfactory epithelium
        
        mucus lining
    - - olfactory bulb- part of limbic system (emotional)
        
        mitral cell
        
        tufted cells
        
        glomeruli- where signals collected sent to bulb
      - olfactory tubercle-
      - amygdala
  - - - taste buds
        
        3 cranial nerves- facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
        
        medulla oblongata
        
        thalamus
        
        primary gustatory cortex- insula lobe
    - - tastes
        
        savory
        
        sweet
        
        sour
        
        salty
        
        bitter
  - - - tympanic membrane
      - auditory ossicles
    - - middle ear- tympanic membrane
        
        inner ear/cochlea
        
        cochlear nuclei in brainstem
        
        superior olivary complex brainstem
        
        superior colliculus- mescencephalus
        
        thalamus
- - - - upper- primary cortex- Betz cells- pyramidal cell- send their axons down spinal cord- corticospinal tract
      - lower- in spinal cord - innervate effector targets
        
        somatic motor efferent neurons- locomotion, contracting and tension of muscles
        
        alpha- innervate extrafusal- entire motor unit, contraction and tension
        
        slow- small muscles, small energy, endurance
        
        fast fatiguing- larger groups, bursts of energy
        
        fast fatigue resistant- intermediate size groups, not as quick as fast but not as weak as slow
        
        gamma- innervate intrafusal within muscle spindles
        
        dynamic
        
        static
        
        beta- innervates intramural- muscle spindles, proprioceptors
        
        fast- intramural fibers- proprioceptors- change in length, stretch receptors
        
        slow- extrafusal fibers- contraction
        
        special visceral motor- facial neurons
        
        general visceral motor- cardiac and smooth muscles
    - - external- smell, taste, vision, auditory, temperature, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors
      - internal- blood, nociceptors
- - - - sympathetic- fight, excitatory, spinal cord
      - parasympathetic- rest and digest, feed and breed, inhibitory, brainstem and sacral spinal cord
      - ENS- enteric, digestive, smooth muscle and glandular tissue
    - - sensory- sends signal to brain
      - cranial nerves- integrate in the brain stem, 5 senses
      - motor- carry message from brain
      - spinal nerves- integrate int eh spinal cord, motor commands
- - - - deep gray- nuclei
    - - brain
        
        spinal cord
        
        nucleus- group of neuron cell bodies (somas)
        
        tract- bundle of axons
        
        interneurons- integrate signal to message
    - - all other nerves not in spinal cord or brain
        
        ganglion- group of neuron cell bodies (somas)
        
        nerve-- bundle of axons- send signal/message
        
        sensory afferent neurons- signal
        
        motor efferent neurons- message
  - - - astrocyte- most abundant, processes contact axons capillaries, supportive, help maintain chemical environment
      - Microglia- phagocyte, destroys microbes and damaged neural tissues
      - Ependymal cells- simple cubodial/columnar epithelium, cilia and microvili, located in ventricles (spaces in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid), cilia helps circulate CSF
      - Oligodendrocytes- uses own cell wall to wrap around axon to create sheath, multiple sheaths made from 1 cell, weblike stemming from nucleus center, not myelinated but creates it
    - - Satellite cells –surrounding neuron cell bodies in ganglia, blanket like, supportive, helps regulate what goes in/out neuron cell bodies
      - Schwann cells- wraps itself around axon, not myelinated- creates it