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Respiratory (External Respiration (Ventilation Perfusion: The amount of…
Respiratory
External Respiration
The thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane influence external respiration. Any conditions that effect the thickness of the membrane will make the diffusion of molecules less efficient
Surface area is primarily related to the number of alveoli. Any conditions that effect the number of alveoli will hinder your breathing. Alveoli cannot be reproduced once they have been damaged or lost
Pressure Gradients: Usually the steeper the gradient the easier the air will flow in and out of the lungs but in a situation where the gradients are close in measurement this will labor the respiration process
Ventilation Perfusion: The amount of blood being delivered to the pulmonary capillaries must match the amount of air reaching the alveoli.
Perfusion is altered by changing arteriole diameter and ventilation is changed by bronchiole diameter. Any mismatched changes to these two conditions will effect the rate of external respiration
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Respiratory Centers
In the pons and medulla the rate and depth of respiration can be increased or decreased depending on the situation. An increase in rate and depth leads to more release of CO2 where a decrease leads to retention of CO2
The control centers receive signals from chemoreceptors detecting stimuli that effect the mechanical processes of breathing
Alveolus
Type I alveolar cells; make up the majority of the alveolar wall with simple squamous epithelium specialized in absorption and filtration
Type II alveolar cells; simple cuboidal cells spaced at random intervals around the alveolar wall which produce surfactant. Type II cells also secrete and antimicrobial agent assisting in innate immunity