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Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio (caudal(posterior)-rostral (anterior)…
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
Damasio
frontal lobe syndrome
impaired DM; social conduct; day planning; reward valuation
Inducers
secondary
recall of a personal/hypothetical emotion; Memory; VMPFC
fainter activation
contingent on development of primary inducers
if impaired, psychopathology such as addiction and psychopathy are observed often
helps predict emotions of the future
primary
innate, learned; stimuli cause an affective state automatically; amygdala
amygdala as trigger
panicky response of amygdala when one sees stocks dropping is an adaptive response that serves a beneficial role in market decisions
loops
as if body loop
simulation of the somatic state in the
brain only
certainty
no re-enacting in the body
body loop
somatic state re-enacted in the body; signals are relayed back to cortical structures
risk -->ambiguity
generate feelings
influences the probability of triggering subsequent somatic states
biasing
options and plans for action
influence activity in regions concerned with motor responses
both loops: Insula
tasks
GT
SCR's higher for normal subjects
SCR's more pronounced for risky decks
VMPFC (faint SCR) vs
amygdala (no SCR) for patients
VMPFC: mislead by amygdala if amygdala is lesioned
stages of the Game
hunch
conceptual
patients never report a hunch
pre-hunch
normal subjects realizing the safe decks slowly; lesioned subjects had no insight
pre-punishment
ambiguity
body loop
inducing unrelated strong emotions lead to shifts toward the disadvantageous decks
BT
Risk and uncertainty
as if body loop (lower SCR's)
caudal(posterior)-rostral (anterior)
concrete - abstract
near in time - far in time
more predictable - less predictable
people have less problems spending money with their credit cards than cash
stronger somatic response for sure loss of 100 vs a probable loss (.5) of 200
influence of somatic states on subsequent decisions
negative states breed pessimism and positive states breed optimism
bias expectations: thoughts about an unexpected event (loss after a streak of gains) become less effective
Studies
on making the right choice (deliberation without attention hypothesis)
2x2 design ( complexity (high low) x mode of thought (conscious unconscious)
4 vs 12 attributes; 4 min deliberation vs distraction
boundary conditions on unconscious thought in complex DM