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Emotional memory and psychological disorders (Treatments targeting…
Emotional memory and psychological disorders
Emotional memory
Types
declarative (explicit), consciously aware of
Semantic
facts, knowledge
Episodic
events over time, autobiographical
non-declarative (implicit)
Procedural
habits, motor skills etc
conditioning
eg fear conditioning
stages
emotional event
attention elaboration
coding effects
taking in sensory stimuli
2.consolidation
post-encoding effects
Retrieval
Neurobiology
How emotion affects encoding
experiences with little emotion are registered as unimportant by brain and are not given a lot of focal attention
mod-high emotion gets a lot of focal attention
really high emotion--> impaired hippocampal processing of explicit memory, implicit memory is encoded
Brain regions involved
declarative memory
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex involved in retreival
default mode network involved in autobiographical memory
non-declarative memory
amygdala (conditioned fear)
striatal regions for motor skills, habits and procedural memory
Emotional memories in psychological disorders
Similarities
many disorders characterised by emotional memory dysfunction
intrusive memories
involuntary recall
imagery-based
differences
whether it affects implicit or explicit memories
intrusive
PTSD
fragmented, worst moment
depression
memories of failure or negative feelings
social anxiety
social event memories, people's faces etc
different memory systems can be affected within same disorder
eg PTSD, mix of declarative (intrusive and autobiographical) and implicit (fear conditioning)
intrusive can be both explicit and implicit
Treatments targeting emotional memory
Memory reconsolidation
consolidation phase strengthened by release of stress hormones such as cortisol and NA.
administer propranolol after triggering recall to reconsolidate
memory reactivation prior to extinction leaves memory malleable to new information
can lead to a modification of actual fear memory
imaginal rescripting
thinking of the memory of the trauma, getting to the worst point and then changing ending
cognitive intervention
due to high involvement of visual-spatial cognition in intrusive memories, people play game with high visual spatial demands
paired with reconsolidating therapy
prevention of PTSD
administering propranolol following the event
mixed levels of evidence
some positive results with administering hydrocortisone
cognitive vaccine?
memory specificity training
focusses on correcting overgeneral retrieval style
idea is that people with depression and PTSD have non-specific generalised memory for autobiographical events.
present participants with cue words and ask them to think-up autobiographical memories
leads to increased specificity and decreased generalisation