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Chapter 6 & 7 (Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell (Concept 6.5 Mitochondria…
Chapter 6 & 7
Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
Concept 6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory
endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
Smooth ER
functions: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions
Rough ER
functions: pancreatic cells synthesize protein insulin, secrete hormone into bloodstream, grows by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids
Golgi Apparatus
storage area for receiving, sorting, shipping and manufacturing
consists of cisternae
Lysosomes
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes to digest macromolecules
phagocytosis
process a unicellular eukaryotes eat by engulfing smaller organisms
Vacuoles
vacuoles
large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi apparatus
contractile vacuoles
pump excess water out of the cell to maintain suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside thee cell
Concept 6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
Mitochondria
sites of cellular respiration, metabolic process using oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars and fats
Chloroplasts
found in plants and algae are sites of photosynthesis to convert solar energy to chemical energy
endosymbiont theory
states ancestors of eukaryotic cells engulfed oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell
Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
cristae
infoldings found in the inner membrane
mitochondria matrix
enclosed by inner membrane, contains enzymes, mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy
granum
a stack of thylakoids
stroma
fluid outside the thylakoids containing chloroplasts DNA and ribosomes
thylakoids
membranous system in the form of flattened interconnected sacs
Peroxisomes: Oxidation
specialized metabolic compartment bounded bu single membrane
contain enzyme that remove hydrogen atoms from substrates and transfer oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product
Concept 6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
The Nucleus: Information Central
nuclear lammina
netlike array of protein filaments to maintain the shape of nucleus
nucleolus
structure within nondividng nucleus, appearing through electron microscope as a mass of granules and fibers adjoined to chromatin
Ribosomes: Protein Factories
ribosomes
ribosomal RNAs and proteins, cellular components to carry out protein synthesis
Concept 6.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organize structures and activities in the cell
cytoskeleton
network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
mechanical support and maintain cell shape
provides anchorage for organelles
motor proteins
cell motility which requires interaction with cytoskeleton
Components of the Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
Intermediate Filaments
anchorage of nucleus and certain organelles: formation of nuclear lamina
Microtubules
chromosome movement in cell division: organelle movements
Concept 6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Shared features
cytosol
semifluid jelly substance inside cells
plasma membrane
functions as a selective barrier to allow oxygen, nutrients and waste
Eukaryotic
nucleus
DNA bounded by double membrane
larger than prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic
nucleoid
DNA concentrated in region not membrane-enclosed
lacking organelles
surface area vs volume ratio
surface area increases while volume remains constant
Concept 6.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
Cell Walls of Plants
middle lamella
between primary walls of adjacent cells, thin layer of sticky polysaccharides called pectins
secondary cell wall
between plasma membrane and primary wall, strong and durable matrix to offer cell protection and support
primary cell wall
young plant cells first thin and flexible wall
Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
extracellular matrix(ECM)
replacement of cell wall to plant cells for animal cells
most abundant glycoprotein is collagen
proteoglycans
consists of small core proteins with carb. chains covalently attached
fibronectin
integrins
Concept 6.1 Biologists use Microscopes and biochemistry
Microscopy
electron microscope
focuses beam of electrons through specimen or its surface
Scanning Electron microscopy(SEM)
shows a 3-D image of the surface of a specimen
Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)
shows a section of a specimen, showing internal structure
light microscope(LM)
visible light passed through a specimen and then through glass
cell fractionation
technique to take cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another
piece of equipment that uses centrifuge to spin test tubes at increasing speeds
Concept 6.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts
shows all components work together
Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function
Concept 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
phospholipids
amphipathic
molecule is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
most abundant lipid in most membranes
Membrane Proteins and Their Functions
integral proteins
protein which penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
peripheral proteins
not embedded in lipid bilayer, loosely bound to the surface of the membrane
Functions of membrane proteins
Signal transduction
membrane protein has binding site for specific shape to fit chemical messenger
Cell-cell recognition
glycoprotein serve as identification to get specifically recognized by membrane proteins
Enzymatic activity
protein built into membrane where reactants bind
Intercellular joining
membrane proteins of adjacent cells hook together in gap junctions or tight junctions
Transport
protein spanning the membrane to channel particular solutes
Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
microfilaments or other cytoskeleton parts may be bound to membrane protein to stabilize cell shape
Concept 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability
fluid mosaic model
helps explain how membranes regulate cells molecular traffic
Transport Proteins
transport proteins
channel proteins
function by having hydrophilic channel that certain molecules use a tunnel through the membrane
aquaporins
passage of water molecules through membrane in certain cells
Concept 7.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
diffusion
movement of particle of any substance to spread into available space to create equilibrium
passive transport
diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane
concentration gradient
region along where density of a chemical substance increases or decreases
Water balance of cells without cell walls
osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
tonicity
ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water
isotonic
not net movement of water across the membrane
hypertonic
cell will lose water to shrivel and die
hypotonic
cell will gain water too fast to overfill and burst
osmoregulation
control of solute concentrations and water balance
Water balance of cells with cell walls
flaccid
if isotonic the cell becomes limp and the plant wilts
plasmolysis
causes plant to wilt, plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall
turgid
healthy state of plant cells
Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins
facilitated diffusion
polar molecules and ions impeded by lipid bilayer of membrane diffuse with the help of transport proteins
ion channels
channel proteins that transport ions
gated channels
can open or close in response to stimulus
7.4 Concept Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
active transport
pump solute across membrane against gradient, requires energy
How Ions Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential
membrane potential
voltage across a membrane
eletrochemical gradient
combination of forces acting on an ion
proton pump
main electrogenic pump, actively transport protons out of the cell
electrogenic pump
transport protein which generates voltage across membrane
cotransport
transport protein can couple the "downhill" diffusion of solute to "uphill" transport of substance against concentration gradient
7.5 Concept Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
exocytosis
cell secretes molecules by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane
endocytosis
cell takes in molecules and matter by forming new vesicles from plasma membrane
phagocytosis
cell engulfs a large particle within a membranous sac called food vacuole
receptor-mediated endocytsosi
specialized type of pinocytosis to engulf specific substances
pinocytosis
continually engulfs mass small extracellular fluid into vesicles