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Genetics (Monohybrid Crosses (Crossing Heterozygotes with Themselves…

- - - - Has two identical alleles for a gene
    - - Has two different alleles for a gene
    - - The heterozygous differs from both homozygous phenotypes
  - - - Plant's own pollen is used to fertilize its own eggs
      - Crossing with another plant of the exact same genotype
  - - - Dominant
      - Recessive
  - - - Reveals the genotype
    - - Versions of genes that differ from each other in their nucleotide sequences
- - - - Two genes on separate chromosomes, the alleles of one gene move independently apart of each other
  - - - Two alleles move together during meiosis I.
  - - - One map unit
- - - - Chemicals
      - Ultraviolet lights
      - X-rays
      - Radiation from radioactive substances
      - Nitrous acid
        
        Converts cytosine to uracil
    - - Insertion Sequence
        
        Only a few thousand base pairs long
        
        Genes code for enzymes involved in cutting insertion sequence
      - Transposon
        
        like an insertion except much longer
        
        Genes code for proteins not associated with transposition
  - - - Nature
      - Position
      - Extent
      - If happening in DNA spacer between two genes, there is no effect whatsoever
    - - Natural section eliminates the deleterious and preserves the beneficial
  - - - Absolute identical nuclei->useless sexual reproduction due to identical genes
- - - - DNA does not release from the histones
      - Opening sufficiently to allow entry of the necessary replicating factors
        
        First strand of DNA double helix is cut and the two strands seperate
        
        Form a small bubble called "Replicon"
    - - Each gene exists in at least two copies
        
        One on each of the two chromatids
  - - - Followed by Semiconservative replication
- - - - Alleles of both parents transmitted equally to the progeny
    - - Zygote obtains all plastids and mitochondrion genomes from maternal parent
    - - 100% of zygotes will be green
        
        Receive all plastids from normal parent
        
        all mutant plastids are destroyed
    - - All progeny have mutant plastids and are chlorophyllous
      - Conifer eggs destroy their plastids
      - Conifer sperms do not destroys their plastids
    - - Presence of spots or sectors: white, red, orange
  - - - Plants with more than two sets of chromosomes
    - - Two chromatids remain together, one daughter cell receives both copies of chromosomes
    - - Genes within single species that evolved from the same ancestoral gene
    - - Set of several copies of ancestral gene, all located within a single haploid genome.
        
        Copies arise through gene duplication and may evolve independently