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The skeletal System: The framework (movement (abduction (away from body…
The skeletal System: The framework
function
framework, produces blood cells, provides protection for organs, helps us breathe, acts as warehouse for mineral storage, allows for movement
Bones
primary components of skeletan
living
dried up body
types of bones
long bone
longer than wider and found in arms and legs
short bone
equal in length and width found in arms and legs
flat bones
thinner includes ribs skull and sternum
irregular bone
hip bone and vertebrae like jigsaw puzzle
periosteum
though and fibrous
contains blood vessels
lymph vessels and nerves
anchor for ligaments and tendons
epiphysis
formed by increase in size in both ends of bone
diaphysis
region between two epiphesis
how area called medullary cavity
bone marrow
yellow
high fat content
red
produces red blood cells
tissue
compact bone
dense hard tissue
osteocytes
mature bone cells
concentric
fibers, calcium, and minerals
oxygen and nutrients for bone cell
spongy
trabecule bars and platelets
irregular holes space for red bone marrow
structure
smooth with projection, bumps, and depressions
work together to form joints
osteoporosis
bone comes weak
starts at around 50s
more common in women
how to help
vitamin D
eliminate smoking and caffeine
cartilage
dense connective tissue
flexible part
ribs, sternum, chest flexion during deep breathing
cushion between bones and shock absorber
small sacs bursa secrete lubricant fluid
joints
without body could not move
two or more bones together
ligaments
tough whitish bands that connects from bone to bone to withstand heavy stress
tendons
cord like attach muscle to bone
Types of synovial joint
pivot
turnstle movement in neck and forearm
ball and socket
hip and shoulder including rotation
hinge
allowing opening and closing movement in knees and elbows
gliding
wrists and ankles sliding back and fourth
saddle
shaped like saddle found in thumb can rock up and down and side to side
condyloid
oval shaped movement one plate to another rotation
ellipsoidal
two axes of movement at wrist and radius and ulna
growth and repair
ossification
osteogenesis
grow longitudinally to develop height and horizontally so they are thicker
cells involved
osteoblastsform bones through calcium and other minerals
osteocytes
mature bones started as osteoblasts surround matrix to become mature
osteoprogenitor
non specialized stem calls periosteum, endosteum, and central canal of compact bones
osteoclasts
originate from white blood cells called monocyte and to tear down martial and help move calcium phosphate in blood
begins when we are embroys through intramembranous
intramembrous occurs two sheets of fibrous connective tissue
skull
majority form through endochondral
cartilage
growth plate
epiphyseal plate
movement
abduction
away from body mid line
dorsiflextion
bending foot up
abbduction
moving away body mideline
extension
straightening a joint
moving body parts towards body mid line
plantar flexion
pointing toes down
inversion
turning foot inward
flextion
bending joint
eversion
turning foot outward
supination
turning palm palm up
pronation
turning hand palm down
circumduction
circular arm movement
arthritis
inflammation of joint
septic arthritis
infection of joint
osteoarthritis
joint wear out
gout
uric acid get in synovial fluid and connective tissue
rhematoid arthritis
autoimmune disease
inflammation
bursitis
inflammation of bone
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon
Rotator cuff Tear
group muscles hold humerus and shoulder socket
activities stress shoulder which causes pain
skeleton
axial
bones of bony thorax spinal column hyoid bone middle ear and skull also protects body organs holds 80 bones
appendicular
arms legs hips and shoulders 126 bones
bony thorax
protects heart lungs and blood vessels
flexible due to connective cartilage
sternum for chest compression
skull protects and houses brain has openings for eyes nose and ears
forms mouth common passage way
spinal column
sacral
5
below waist
fused bones
3-5
coccyx
lumbar
5
lumbar
thoracic
12
chest
cervical
7
neck
Abnormal of spine
herniated disk
central portion of disk forced through outer covering
kphosis
humpback
lordosis
swayback
scoliosis
sideways curve of spine
fracture
broken bone
hairline
not complete break
compond
break pushed through skin
spiral
severe twisting in bone
simple
break no puncture to skin
greenstick
incomplete break
comminuted
bone fragmented or splintered
causative agents
degenerative
nutritional
congenital
secondary disorders
trauma
inflammation
tumors
infection
Disorders
osteomalacia
softening of the bone
lack of vitamin D
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone
infection in bone
plantar fascists
inflammation of connective tissue of heel
Rickets
lack vitamin D in childhood
impaired calcium absorption
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon
pharmacology
anlegestic creams
corticosteroid injection
pain meds
methotrexate
calcium supplements
alendronate
vitamin D
estrogen replacement therapy