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Nervous System- Alyssa Miller (senses (stimulus type receptors…
Nervous System- Alyssa Miller
senses
stimulus origin receptors
exteroceptors- environment(skin + special senses- sight, hearing, olfaction, equilibrium)
interoceptors- internal organs
proprioceptors- muscles + tendons, ligaments, joints
stimulus type receptors
thermoreceptors- hot/cold receptors
photoreceptors- light
chemoreceptors- chemicals(nose, tongue, blood vessels)
nociceptors- pain
mechanoreceptors- touch, pressure, vibration, stretch
baroreceptors- blood pressure
vision
eye components
fibrous layer
sclera
cornea
vascular layer
choroid
iris
pupil
inner layer
photoreceptors
rods
cones
retina
optic disk (medial fovea)
fovea centralis (center of macula lutae)
macula latea (at eye's posterior pole)
lens
visual pathway
cornea -> lens -> retina -> optic nerve -> optic chasm -> optic tract -> midbrain -> thalamus -> primary visual cortex
olfaction (smell)
components
nasal cavity (roof)
olfactory epithelium (superior nasal conchae + superior nasal conchae)
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
pathway
roof of nasal cavity -> olfactory bulb -> olfactory tract -> limbic region/primary olfactory cortex -> brain
gustation (taste)
components
taste buds
papillae (tongue)
cranial nerves related to taste
facial nerves
glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve
pathway
taste buds -> receptor cells -> cranial -> medulla oblongata -> thalamus -> primary cortex in the medulla
hearing
ear components
external
external acoustic meatus
auricle
middle
tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
cochlea
pathway
eardrum -> ossicles -> cochlea -> spiral organ -> cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve -> cochlear nerve -> medulla oblongata -> pons -> midbrain -> thalamus -> primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
nervous system organization
CNS
structure
brain + spinal cord
function
receive, process, respond to sensory input
PNS
structure
spinal nerves, cranial nerves, ganglia
function
gather sensory information from receptors and passes it on to the CNS
somatic
location: mainly skin, trunk/torso, skeletal muscles
voluntary movement
touch, pain, pressure, temperature, vibration,
autonomic
location: mainly ventral body cavity contents, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, erector pili muscles, smooth muscle of blood vessels, sweat glands
involuntary movement
parasympathetic: energy conservation
sympathetic: fight or flight
major function: sensory input(PNS) to motor output(CNS)
anatomy of the nervous system
nerve components
axon
myelin sheath- insulated coating
endoneyrium- loose CT
fascicle- bundle of axons
epinerium- tough fibrous CT
glial cells (location/description)
PNS
schwanns: create myelin sheath
around axons
satellite: support (help regulate what goes in and out of the neuron cell body)
surrounding neuron cell bodies in ganglia
CNS
astrocytes: help maintain a proper chemical balance in environment
axons + capillaries
microglia: destroy invading microbes + damaged/dying nervous tissue
ependymal: circulates cerebrospinal fluid
in ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid
oligodendrocyte: create myelin sheath
around cells
neurons
major components
cell body
nucleus/nucleolus
chromatophilic substance
dendrites
axon hillock
axon
axon collateral
terminal arborization
axon terminals
structural types
multipolar: many processes
bipolar: 2 processes
unipolar: 1 process in 2 directions
functional types
motor (efferent) neurons: signal away
sensory (afferent) neurons: signal toward
interneurons (association neurons): in CNS only- between neurons