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Chapter 6/7 (Synthesis and sidedness of membranes (inside GA,…

- - - - Nucleoid: region where the cell's DNA is located (not enclosed by a membrane)
        
        nucleus, contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell
        
        nuclear envelope, encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm
        
        nuclear lamina, netlike array of protein filaments that maintain the the shape of the nucleus
        
        Chromosomes, structures that carry the genetic information
        
        chromatin, complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes
      - Ribosomes: complexes that synthesize proteins
        
        Rough ER, studded with ribosomes
        
        Glycoproteins, proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
        
        Transport vesicles, transmit from one part of the cell to another
        
        Golgi Apparatus, after leaving the ER, many transport vesicles travel here where it receives, sorts, and transports
        
        cisternal maturation, Golgi cisternae move in a cis to trans direction
        
        vesicles form and leave Golgi, carrying specific products to other locations or to the plasma membrane
        
        Vesicles coalesce to form new cis Golgi cisternae
        
        vesicles transport some proteins backward to less mature Golgi cisternae
        
        vesicles moves from ER to Golgi
        
        vesicles also transport certain proteins back to the ER their site of function
        
        Smooth ER, outer surface lacks ribosomes
      - Plasma membrane: membrane enclosing the cytoplasm
        
        Endomembrane system, includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apperatus, lysosomes, various vesicles and vacuoles
        
        vesicles, sacs made of membranes
        
        Endoplasmic reticulum, extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half the total membrane
        
        Vacuoles, vesicles derived from the ER and the Golgi Apparatus
        
        Food Vacuole, formed by phagocytosis
        
        Contractile Vacuoles, pump excess water out of the cell
        
        Central Vacuole, develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles, plant's main respiratory of inorganic ions
      - Cell Wall : rigid structure outside the plasma membrane
        
        Mitochondria, ATPi s made, sites of cellular respiration, metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, etc
        
        Chloroplast, found in plants and algae, sites of photosynthesis
        
        Stroma
        
        fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplastDNA and ribosomes and many enzymes
        
        Granum
        
        stack like poker chips
        
        Thylakoids
        
        inside the chloroplasts another membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs
        
        Plastids
        
        chloroplast is a specialized member of a family of closely related plant organelles
        
        chromoplast
        
        has pigments that give fruits and flowers their orange and yellow hues
        
        Amyloplast
        
        colorless organelle that store starch (amylose)
      - Lysosomes, membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Lysosomes fuses with food vacuole
        
        Lysosome contains active hydrolytic enzymes
        
        Hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles
        
        Vesicle containing two damaged organelles, Autophagy
        
        Lysosomes fuses with vesticle containing damaged organelles
        
        Hydrolytic enzymes digest organelle components
  - - - Fimbriae: attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes (not visible on TEM)
      - Nucleoid: region where the cell's DNA is located (not enclosed by a membrane)
      - Ribosomes: complexes that synthesize proteins
        
        Smooth ER, outer surface lacks ribosomes
        
        Rough ER, studded with ribosomes
      - Plasma membrane: membrane enclosing the cytoplasm
      - Cell Wall: rigid structure outside the plasma membrane
        
        Central Vacuole
        
        develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles, plant's main respiratory of inorganic ions
      - Glycocalyx: outer coating of many prokaryotes, consisting of a capsule or slime layer
      - Flagella: locomotion organelles of some prokaryotes
      - Bacterial chromosome
  - - - 125
      - 125
      - 1
    - - 6
      - 1.2
      - 6
    - - 150
      - 6
      - 750
- - - - used in the labratory, visible light is passed is passed through the specimen and then through the glass lens
    - - focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto it's surface
    - - 3D, detailed study of the topography of a specimen
    - - 2D, to study the internal structure of cells
  - - - ratio of an object's image size to it's real size
    - - difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of an image
    - - measure of the clarity of the image, minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as separate points
- - - - sodium-potassium pump, exchanges sodium for potassium across the plasma membrane of animal cells
      - Proton pump, eletrogenic pump, bacteria: chemical force and electrical force
      - Na/pump- electrogenic pump, animal cells: volateg across membrane
      - Bulk transport- moving molecules of larger size or large number
        
        exocytosis, exit the cell, transport vesicle that has budded from GA moves along microtubules of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane
        
        Endocytosis, cell takes in molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from plasma membrane
        
        Phatocytosis
        
        "cellular eating",amobea, engolf food particles, change shape of cytoplasm, becomes food vacuole
        
        Pinocytosis
        
        "cellular drinking", swallowing little molecules
        
        receptor-mediated endocytosis
        
        attach to receptors,then attach, liver cells get rid of cholesterol
      - Co- transport, 2 things going across membrane
        
        symport
        
        same direction
        
        antiport
        
        opposite direction
  - - - osmosis- specifies that water moves across a membrane, move to hypertonic side
      - facilitated diffusion, needs help going through
        
        channels
        
        ion channels, channel proteins that transports ions
        
        gated channels, open or close in response to a stimulus
        
        carrier, alternates between two shapes, moving solute across the membrane during the shape change
- - - - Homogenized- break them up in the blender
      - mixture called homogenate
      - poured into another tube and centrifuges at a higher speed for a longer time
      - Differential centrifugation, series of pellets containing different cell components
    - - researchers used mircroscopy to identify the organelles in each pellet and biochemical methods to determine their metabolic functions
    - - used to separate cell components based on size and density
- - - - 7nm
      - Actin
      - two intertwined strand of actin
      - maintenance of cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming in plant cell, cell motility, division of animal cells
      - how they're made
        
        actin molecules join together to form actin polymer
        
        then twist to make actin filament
        
        gross movement of cell
    - - 8-12nm
      - one of several different proteins
      - fibrous proteins coiled into cables
      - maintenance of cell shape, formation of nuclear lamina, anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles
      - how they're made:
        
        made of different proteins that string together to make polymers
        
        then twist to make intermediate filaments
        
        they're permanent and provide structural support for cell
    - - 25 nm with 15-nm lumen
      - alpha- tubulin and beta-tubulin
      - Hollow tubes
      - maintenance of cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements
      - how they're made:
        
        then dimer makes long chain of polymers
        
        then polymers are put together into a sheet
        
        then sheet is rolled up to make microtubule
        
        Centriole: two blue rods, found in the centrosome, made of of triplet mictotubials (9 make up one centriole, 27 make a centriole)
        
        Cetrosome: organelle found in nucleus of cell
        
        both alpha and beta combine and make a dimer
- - - - most abundant is phospholipids
        
        Aphipathic
        
        it has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic region
        
        fluid mosaic model
        
        membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
        
        Glycolipids
        
        covalently bonded to lipids
        
        Glycoproteins
        
        covalently bonded to proteins
- - - - Primary cell wall
        
        young plant cell first secretes a relatively thing and flexible wall
      - middle lamella
        
        thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins
      - Secondary cell wall
        
        between the plasma membrane and the primary wall
    - - glycoproteins and other carbohydrate containing molecules secreted by the cells
        
        fibronectin
        
        cell are attached to EMC by EMC glycoproteins
        
        proteoglycans
        
        small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached, may be up to 95% carbohydrate
        
        collagen
        
        string fibers outside the cells
        
        integrins
        
        built into the plasma membrane
      - attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, microfilaments or other elements of the cytoskeleton may be noncovalently bound to membrane proteins
    - - channels that connect cells
        
        desmosomes
        
        nothing should move, anchor two cells together
        
        gap junctions
        
        wants cells to communicate through the gap
        
        tight junctions
        
        don't want cells to go through