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Avoidance and Punishment (AVOIDANCE (Problems with Two-Factor Theory (If…
Avoidance and Punishment
AVOIDANCE
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Two-Factor Theory
One of the unconditioned responses was fear of the shock. This fear was then transferred to the light turning off
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One-Factor Theory
Sidman (1953) presented no stimulus to shock, but subjects realized shocks occurred every 5 seconds w/o response. When they performed the response they were safe for 30 seconds. Subjects learned to elicit response about every 20 seconds. No need for classical conditioning component,
Cognitive Theory
The three term contingency is the discriminate stimulus, operant response, and consequence. Basically subjects can distinguish stimuli to make an appropriate response to avoid bad consequences
By blocking a response to avoid shock, and then not shocking the subject, expectations were not followed so extinction occurred more rapidly.
Subjects will be shocked at the first trial. Afterward, they will expect either that (1) no shock will occur if it makes a certain response, and (2) shock will occur if it does not make the response.
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LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
If learned helplessness is learned first, then it will carry over to other activities. If it is learned after some trial of competence, then learned helplessness will not set in for subsequent trials
By recognizing that learned helplessness can be overcome, learned optimism can replace it
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