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Nervous System and Senses (Senses (Eye Components and Pathway (Lens (Focus…
Nervous System and Senses
Senses
Eye Components and Pathway
Lens
Focus of light on retina
Retina
Photoreceptors present, where axons meet
Choroid
Black and absorbs light without scattering while also being vascular to nourish surrounding parts of tunic
Cornea
Transparent outer layer in front of eye
Macula Latea
Contains the fovea centralis which is the exact polar opposite of the retina
Iris
Colored part of eye anterior to lens, posterior to cornea
Light Pathway
Cornea
Lens
Retina
Optic Nerve
Optic Chiasma
Optic Tract
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Olfaction Components and Pathway
Olfactory Cilia
Combines odor molecules with receptor proteins
Olfactory Bulb
Mitral cells form synaptic bundles which makes up glomeruli that transports information to other parts of the brain
Olfactory Epithelium
Contains numerous olfactory sensory neurons, supporting epithelial cells, and olfactory stem cells that receives stimuli on the nasal concha
Cribriform Plate
Filaments of the olfactory nerve moves from cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb
Limbic Region
Emotional part of brain
Stimulus Pathway
Nasal cavity with olfactory epithelium
Cribriform plate
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Limbic region and temporal lobe
Gustation Components and Pathway
Fungiform Papillae
On whole surface of tongue
Vallate Papillae
Upside down V posterior of tongue
Taste Buds
Taste receptors of the mouth, looks like papillae. Made of gustatory epithelial cells and basal epithelial cells. Also has gustatory hair from taste pores on the gustatory epithelial cells
Foliate Papillae
At the sides of the back of tongue
Facial Nerve VII
Takes stimulus from anterior two-thirds of tongue
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
Takes stimulus from posterior third and pharynx
Solitary Nucleus
Thalamus
Gustatory area of cerebral cortex in insula lobe
Vagus Nerve X
Takes stimulus from taste buds on epiglottis and lower pharynx
Ear Components and Pathway
External Ear
Auricle
Surrounds external acoustic meatus
External acoustic meatus
Tympanic Membrane
Internal Ear
Cochlea
Middle Ear
Oval Window
Epitympanic Recess
Mastoid Antrum
Pharyngotympanic Tube
Round Window
Hearing pathway
Soundwave enters auditory pathway
Cochlear Receptors
Medulla containing the cochlear nuclei
Lateral Lemniscus
Medial Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus
Primary Auditory Cortex
Types of receptors based on stimulus origin and type
Chemoreceptors are in mouth and nose and it senses chemicals
Proprioreceptor responds to body position and exists in muscles , tendons, ligaments, and joints
Photoreceptors are in the eyes and it detects light
Nociceptor senses pain and are in multiple organs of the body
Thermoreceptors senses temperature and are in skin
Baroceptors are sensitive to blood pressure in blood vessels and aorta
Mechanoreceptors are sensitive to touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration and are in skin
Neurons
Major Components of a Neuron
Neuron Process
Dendrites
Multiple processes from cell body that send nerve impulses towards cell body
Axons
Neurons have only one axon. Thin processes continued from the axon hillock that transmits nerve impulses away from cell body
Armlike processes extending from cell body
The Cell Body
Size varying among neuron types, contains one nucleus in cytoplasm.
Chromatophilic Substance
Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes that stains and darken
Neurofibrils
Bundles of intermediate filaments (neurofilaments) running between chromatophilic substance
Synapses
Area for neurons communicating that exchanges information through chemical messengers
Structural Types of Neurons
Bipolar
Has two processes from polar sides of cell and acts in some special sensory organs
Multipolar
More than two processes, multiple dendrites and an axon
Unipolar
Has one short process from cell body
Central Process
A branch goes to CNS
Does not have dendrites
Peripheral Process
Goes to receptors in the peripherals
Functional Types of Neurons
Interneurons
Between motor and sensory neurons that are linked into chains and are multipolar
Motor neurons
Makes up a large amount of PNS, mostly multipolar, and carries impulses away from CNS and towards effector organs. Part of junctions with effector cells and causes contraction of muscle
Sensory Neurons
Moves signals toward CNS from peripheral receptors, mostly pseudounipolar and bipolar, and located in ganglia out of CNS
Nervous System Organization
Peripheral Nervous System Main Structures and Functions
Sensory Division
Somatic Sensory
Touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception
Visceral Sensory
Stretch, pain, temperature, chemical change, irritation in viscera
Motor Division
Somatic Nervous System
Innervates skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System
Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Division
Central Nervous System Main Structures and Functions
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Maintains homeostasis
Peripheral innervation of the neck, head, thoracic, and abdominal viscera through cranial nerves
The brain handles intelligence, consciousness, memory, sensory-motor integration, emotion, behavior, and socialization
Anatomy of Nervous System
Glial Cells
Ependymal
Forms simple epithelial and is ciliated, and creates a semi permeable layer in between cerebro-spinal fluid and tissue fluid
Oligodendrocytes
Wraps cell processes around axons in CNS, and creates myelin sheath
Astrocytes
Star shape and most common in CNS
Regulates neurotransmitter level
Controls blood flow in
Regulates surrounding environment and its ions
Microglial
Performs phagocytosis on invading microorganism, very small and least abundant
Satellite Cells
In the PNS and surrounds cell bodies in ganglia
Schwann Cells
Surrounds axons in PNS and makes the myelin sheath
Nerve Components
Long strings in PNS
Fascicles
Groupds of axons put into bundles
Perineurium
Connective tissues surrounding fascicle and keeping it bundled
Endoneurim
Light layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds Schwann cells
Epineurium
Surrounds entire nerve in fibrous sheath