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Ch 6-7 (A Tour of the Cell (Concept 6.4 (Endomembrane system- includes the…
Ch 6-7
A Tour of the Cell
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Concept 6.1
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parameter in microscopy are magnification, resolution, and contrast
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Scanning electron microscope- is especially useful for detailed study of the topography of a specimen
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cell fractionation-which takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another
Concept 6.2
all cells share certain basic features: bounded by a selective barrier called the plasma membrane, a semifluid called cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes
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eukaryotic cell most of the DNA is in an organelle called the nucleus which is bounded by a double membrane
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Cytoplasm the interior of either type of cell: In eukaryotic cells this refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
Plasma membrane functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell
Each type of membrane has a unique composition of lipids and proteins suited to that membrane's specific functions
Concept 6.3
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nuclear lamina- a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
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Nucleolus- a prominent structure a mass of densely stained granules and fibers adjoining part of the chromatin
Ribosomes- which are complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins, are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis
Ribosomes build proteins into two cytoplasmic locales: free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol, while bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
Concept 6.4
Endomembrane system- includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
This system carries out a variety of tasks int he cell, including synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons
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Endoplasmic reticulum- an extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
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Two distinct regions of the ER that differ in structure and function:Smooth ER because it lacks ribosomes on its surface, Rough ER because it is studded with ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane.
Smooth ER function: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ion
Rough ER function: produce proteins that many cells secrete, keeps secretory proteins separate from protein in the cytosol, membrane factory for the cell
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Golgi apparatus-warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping and even some manufacturing. Products of the ER such as proteins are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations
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Lysosome-a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules
Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membrane are made by rough ER and then transferred to th golgi apparatus for further processing
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Contractile vacuoles- eukaryotes living in fresh water pump excess water out of the cell thereby maintaining a suitable concentration of ion and molecules inside the cell
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Concept 6.5
Mitochondria-are the sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels
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endosymbiont theory- essentially they believe that mitochondria and chloroplasts look at one point they where their own organism considering how they have their own DNA that was engulfed by their cell and ended up evolving together
Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells including those of plants animal fungi and most unicellular eukaryotes
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stroma-fluid outside the thylakoids which contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes
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Concept 6.6
cytoskeleton- a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm: composed of three types of molecular structures, microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
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Microtubules are the thickest microfilaments are the thinnest and intermediate filaments are fibers with diameters in a middle range
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Concept 6.7
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three main types of cell junctions: tight junctions,desmosomes and gap junctions
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