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Nervous System (Senses (Eye Components (Fibrous Layer (Cornea (Clear and…

- - - - Stimulus from within the body such as our internal organs.
    - - Stimulus received from within the body, corresponds to changes in position and movement. Found in muscles, tendons, and joints.
    - - Stimulus comes from the environment. Located on the skin, and special senses.
  - - - Sensitive to chemicals, such as the ones found in the air we breathe, our saliva, blood, and the water we drink.
    - - Sensitive to pain, our "damage to the body" indicators.
    - - Sensitive to light.
    - - Sensitive to pressure, touch, and stretch vibrations.
    - - Sensitive to temperature, such as cold or hot.
    - - Sensitive to changes in pressure, such as our blood pressure.
  - - - Cornea
        
        Clear and transparent. Allows light into the eye, and focuses light on the retina.
      - Sclera
        
        White of our eye. Dense connective tissue protects eye, and anchors extrinsic eye muscles to give it shape.
    - - Choroid
        
        Nourishes the other layers and is deeply pigmentated. Absorbs light and prevents it from scattering.
      - Ciliary Body
        
        Muscle that changes the shape of the lens.
    - - Retina
        
        Has photoreceptors, and the axons converge to form optic nerve.
    - - There are more rods than cones. Sensitive to light, and they are not good at detecting color, only good at night.
    - - There are fewer cones than rods. Sensitive to light, they allow us to see color.
    - - Found posterior to the iris, this focuses light on the retina.
    - - Thin circular structure of the eye responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil. Also defines our eye color.
    - - Our "blind spot". There are no photoreceptors here.
    - - Found opposite of the pupil. Called the "precise posterior pole".
    - - Center of the macula lutea, location of our clearest vision.
    - - Largest cavity of the eye, filled with vitreous humor (gel-like). Supports the retina and lens, and maintains normal pressure, keeping it in place.
    - - Posterior Chamber
        
        Located from iris to posterior chamber.
        
        Filled with aqueous humor (watery), that nourishes the lens and cornea. Also maintains normal intraocular pressure.
      - Anterior Chamber
        
        Located from iris to cornea.
    - - Light (Start)
        
        Cornea (focus)
        
        Pupil
        
        Lens (focus)
        
        Posterior segment - vitreous humor
        
        Retina
        
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  - - - Structure that is found in the roof of the nasal cavity.
    - - Contains olfactory sensory neurons.
    - - Transmit impulses to brain from the smell receptors in the olfactory bulb.
    - - Beginning of olfaction pathway.
    - - Transduction cells, send messages to brain to identify smells.
    - - A bundle of axons that connect the olfactory bulb to several regions of the brain.
    - - Olfactory Receptors (Start)
        
        Olfactory Sensory Neuron with the Olfactory Bulb
        
        Olfactory Tract
        
        Limbic System (Emotional Brain) (End)
        
        Primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe (End)
  - - - Found on the tongue, inner cheeks, posterior wall of pharynx, and epiglottis.
    - - Special epithelial cells that can sense chemicals that we put into our mouth.
    - - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
        
        Connected directly to the brain, does not go through spinal cord.
      - Vagus Nerve (X)
      - Facial Nerve (VII)
    - - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) (Start)
        
        Medulla Oblongata
        
        Thalmus
        
        Gustatory cortex in the insula (End)
      - Vagus Nerve (X) (Start)
      - Facial Nerve (VII) (Start)
  - - - Auricle
        
        Gather sound waves.
      - External Acoustic Meatus
        
        Opening on the exterior of the temporal bone.
    - - The "ear drum". Vibrates and responds to sound waves.
    - - Smallest bones in the human body. They transmit the sound to the cochlea.
    - - Looks like a snail shell. Receives sound in the form of vibrations, and is liquid-filled.
    - - Vestibular Nerve
      - Cochlear Nerve
        
        Both go through the internal acoustic meatus.
    - - Tympanic membrane (Start)
        
        Auditory ossicles
        
        Cochlea
        
        Vestobulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
        
        Cochlear branch of CN (VII)
        
        Medulla oblongata
        
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- - - - Receive and process incoming signals and respond. (Efferent)
    - - Brain and spinal cord.
  - - - Is sensitive to stimuli and sends that info towards the CNS. (Afferent)
    - - Cranial nerves attached to the brain, and spinal nerves attached to the spinal cord.
  - - - Input from skin, skeletal muscle, joints, and limbs. Special senses as well such hearing, equilibrium, and vision.
    - - Input from ventral body cavity contents. Special senses such as taste and smell.
  - - - Output to skeletal muscle. (Voluntary)
    - - Motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Mainly to contents of ventral body cavity. (Involuntary)
      - Continues into the sympathetic and parasympathetic division.
- - - - Clusters of free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. This renews the plasma membrane and protein within the cytosol.
    - - Cone-shaped region of of the cell body.
    - - Produces ribosomes.
    - - Processes that branch from the cell body.
    - - Contains genetic material.
    - - Long, threadlike part of a neuron, which is the impulse-generating and conducting region.
    - - Also called a "soma", this is the biosynthetic center and receptive region.
    - - Branches that come off of the axon.
    - - The end of the axon, and they are knob-shaped.
    - - Branches near the end of the axon.
  - - - Have a cell body in the center, and processes that extend from opposite sides of the cell body. These occur in some of the special sensory organs, such as the inner ear, olfactory epithelium of the nose, and the retina of the eye.
    - - Peripheral and central processes extend from the cell body, and together comprise an axon.
    - - Well over 99% of neurons in the body are multipolar. Usually they have multiple dendrites and a single axon. There are smaller multipolar with no axon.
  - - - The majority are unipolar. Special senses are bipolar structural type. Cell bodies are located in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.
    - - Between neurons in the central nervous system, they are multipolar. They make up 99.98% neurons in the body!
    - - Always multipolar, cell bodies in the central nervous system send messages to muscles and glands.
- - - - Made of fibrous connective tissue, this surrounds each fascicle.
    - - A bundle of axons.
    - - Made of loose connective tissue.
    - - A collection of axons in the PNS. Most nerves have both sensory and motor neurons.
    - - Insulation that covers some axons. There are myelinated and non-myelinated axons.
    - - Made of tough, fibrous connective tissue, this surrounds the nerve.
    - - Part of neuron that carries a signal.
    - - Single nerve cell.
    - - Help move blood throughout the body.
  - - - Found in simple epithelium that lines the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain. Cerebrospinal fluid is created and is moved by the cillia, causing it to circulate. Cerebrospinal fluid protects the brain.
    - - Found surrounding neuron cell bodies within ganglia. They are structurally supportive, and helps regulate the exchange of materials in and out of the neuron cell body.
    - - Found throughout the brain and spinal cord. They are the phagocytes if the nervous system. They look for pathogens or old cells, and also remove microbes and damaged nerve tissue.
    - - Found surrounding thicker axons in the central nervous system. They produce insulating coverings called myelin sheaths.
    - - Most numerous glial cell in the central nervous system. Has many processes that contact neurons and capillaries. They structurally support neurons, and help maintain appropriate chemical environment.
    - - They surround all axons in the peripheral nervous system. They can surround single axons, and multiple axons up to 100 times!